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<title><![CDATA[Kevin08'职业博客]]></title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://Kevin08.blog.bokee.net"/>
<modified>2008-07-12T12-12-12 CST</modified>
<tagline type="text/html" mode="escaped"><![CDATA[来日方长——涉足于江湖的少年书生，游荡于企业的职场新手；无建寸土功名的贪念，有对经营管理炽热的偏好和不懈的追求；幸网络赐博于此，谢上苍给时于我！]]></tagline>
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<copyright>Copyright (c) 2005,  Kevin08</copyright>


<entry>
<title>效率与效力</title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1976777.html"/>
<issued>2008-07-12T11-00-05 CST</issued> 
<created>2008-07-12T11-00-05 CST</created>
<modified>2008-07-12T10-59-50Z</modified>
<id>tag:Kevin08.blogchina.com,2005://1976777</id>
<author>
<name>Kevin08</name>
<url>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_index/Kevin08.html</url>
</author>
<dc:subject>我的收藏资料</dc:subject>
<content type="text/html" mode="escaped" xml:lang="zh_CN" xml:base="http://www.bokee.net"> 
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">查尔斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&middot; </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">汉迪是欧洲最知名和最具影响力的管理思想家，以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">组织与个人的关系</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">未来的工作形态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">等新观念闻名于世。早在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">20 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">多年前，汉迪就预言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">21 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">世纪的全职工作者将不到就业人口的一半。他本人在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">49 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">岁时亲身实践这一预言，转职为独立工作者。（汉迪的系列作品中文版已由中国人民大学出版社出版发行。）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">解读大师</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">栏目现陆续选载查尔斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&middot; </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">汉迪的部分著作，希望读者能够藉以聆听和理解这位管理大师的理论和思想，敬请大家关注。本文选自汉迪《饥饿的灵魂：个人与组织的希望与追寻》一书，根据版面需要略有删节。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">关于金钱和市场的重要性，常常引起人们的争论，但是我敢说，没有人会对市场经济的主要结果之一</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&mdash;&mdash;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">有效率的社会，表示异议。问题是我们往往会在为社会寻找目标之际变得毫无效率：忘了钱归谁这个问题！事情顺利的时候，谋的是大家的福利。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">效率不等同于效力</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">效率以及效率的结果，是竞争与市场最显而易见的成果。更多的产品、更好的服务、更低的价格与更高的可靠性，使我们生活得更轻松，也更好。大多数时候的确如此。然而真正的危机是，我们太过于追求效率，反而让事情走了样。除非我们能够看清效率的真面目，否则就会发现自己忙于效率，竟把企业原来的目的忘记了。效率（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">efficiency</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">）与效力（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">effectiveness</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">）不见得总是意义相同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">电子邮件在人际沟通上非常有效率。效率之高使得一家大型咨询公司的负责人有一次忍不住抱怨说，现在他的手下花太多时间阅读和回复电子邮件，几乎停止了思考。效率？是的。效力？我倒不敢说。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">随着技术日新月异的进步，我想像有一天我们将不用看医生，只需和一台电脑互动就可以了。一个失业的年轻人若能减少造访福利机构领取失业救济金的次数，或许会比较有效率，不过除去了人与人的接触，也减少了让他们振作起来的动力。如果我们容许这些互动少一些效率，将会更有效力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">在一定的时间内，市场或杰出管理应该会修正这些瑕疵，但如果全世界都走同样的路，消费者往往没有选择，也因此没有了抗议的声音。这些瑕疵不过是效率社会的芒刺罢了，谁叫我们活在一个软件与电话较为廉价的世界里呢？再说它们也的确比人可靠，又不麻烦。不过，我们对效率情有独钟，恐怕还有更严重的后果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">效率的三种类型</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">效率并不总是如我们想的那样。经济学作家罗伯特</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&middot;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">库特纳在《一切待售：市场的好处与限度》中指出效率有三种不同的类型：斯密型、凯恩斯型和熊彼特型。人们大多数时候谈论的效率，是如何以合适的成本、在合适的地点、制造出合适的产品，这属于斯密型效率。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">凯恩斯型效率</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">是指在市场未充分就业时潜在的产出将会减少。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">在这个节骨眼上，再多的斯密型效率也无济于事，甚至可能有害，因为它是在以更多人失业为代价换来局部效率的增加。二战期间美国违反了斯密型效率原则，企业从而得以赚取一些非常利润，也因此在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">年之内让美国的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">GDP</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">增长了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">50%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">，但是吃掉了以后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">20</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">年应有的增长率。经济学家想让这两种效率成为两种相互抗衡的理论，然而当时真正需要的，其实是一个两者共存的概念架构。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">熊彼特称</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">科技是增长的引擎，而要投资于科技，就必须有备用资源和长远的眼光。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">太多斯密型效率，只会使得前途越来越窄，股东也多半希望早点得到回报，剩下的钱往往不够企业进行任何科技开发。完全的竞争也可能是在互相毁灭，因为大家都在互相较劲，想让自己的产品符合成本效益，也更便宜。要在市场中保持领先，你需要有很深的口袋。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">考虑到创新，熊彼特型效率就起了作用。创新需要一点点杂乱，一切太过干净利落，就没有了实验的空间。成本控制得滴水不漏，就没有可用的资金去尝试新事物新方法。日程排得满满的，便很难找到思考的时间。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><a title="效率或许是社会永续存在的必要条件，然而它所属的经济模式却无法带领我们找到渴望的答案——也就是生命的意义何在" href="http://www.ceocio.com.cn/pubsystem/uploadfile/200711/2007112114302532723519.jpg"><span style="COLOR: #666666; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:connecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" title="效率或许是社会永续存在的必要条件，然而它所属的经济模式却无法带领我们找到渴望的答案——也就是生命的意义何在" style="WIDTH: 150pt; HEIGHT: 145.5pt" o:button="t" alt="效率或许是社会永续存在的必要条件，然而它所属的经济模式却无法带领我们找到渴望的答案——也就是生命的意义何在" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:href="http://www.ceocio.com.cn/pubsystem/uploadfile/200711/2007112114302553308759.jpg" src="file:///C:\Users\AO\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #0066cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">效率或许是社会永续存在的必要条件，然而它所属的经济模式却无法带领我们找到渴望的答案</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #0066cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&mdash;&mdash;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #0066cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">也就是生命的意义何在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #0066cc; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">德国的小企业拒绝价格竞争，它们偏好维持高价，然后将利润投资在维持科技领导地位上。日本在外销时进行价格竞争，在国内却实行非价格竞争，现在它们的增长速度是美国的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">倍（本书初版于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1998</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&mdash;&mdash;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">编者注）。因此，市场成功的决定因素并非只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">有竞争力的价格</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">，价格太低反而会在未来丧失竞争力。诺贝尔奖获得者</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">道格拉斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&middot;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">诺斯</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">在领奖致辞中指出，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">适应性的（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">adaptive</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">）而非分配式的（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">allocative</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: red; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">）效率才是长期成长的关键。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">这里的适应性的效率就是熊彼特型效率。熊彼特在持久战中打败了斯密。品质可能比价格来得更重要，但追求品质在开始的时候会花费比较多的资金。再以劳动力市场为例。斯密型效率若是不受干预，便会尽量压低薪水以及工人数量，导致更不平等。更糟糕的是，人们会缺乏多余的资源用于培训方面的投资。于是我们只能任由那些能力不足的人去招募更多能力不足的人。如果我们不希望丧失基层人员，就需要某种形式的缓冲，不管是最低工资保障、学习银行、较强势的工会或是合规的培训经费皆可，正所谓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">磨刀不误砍柴工</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">这并不是说某一类型的效率优于其他类型，这三种效率是相互关联的。我们需要让更多人参加工作，这样才能够刺激需求，虽然这样势必违反斯密型效率。为了避免这样的做法增加成本，就需要采取产业保护政策使其免于直面外国竞争；或者把做法限于公共部门等非竞争性公司。要想刺激企业投资于高科技，可能就需要区别对待大额股息进行征税或禁止发放的措施。库特纳的分析提醒我们，这样的建议不尽然是一种异端邪说。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">倾倒垃圾</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">日本企业发明了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">即时制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Just-In-Time</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">）的时候，颇为仓库成本的降低感到高兴。但是那些运送货物的车辆不久便拥堵在高速公路上，造成市民生活的不便，这样就需要更多的道路，而修造公路的费用又需要市民们支付。企业把进步的成本一股脑地倾倒在社会大众头上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">医院固然可以让病人提早出院来提供效率，但是病人回家后仍然需要有人照顾；企业大可延长员工工作时间，并且让他们更卖力地工作，这样工作效率是提高了，但是在公司之外却增加了数不清的压力与人际关系问题。学校可以只选择聪明的孩子入学来提升教学成效，但总得有人去教育别的孩子，或是处理未受教育的边缘人引发的社会后果。任何人都可以借助削减经费或裁员的方式来提高企业短期利润，却没有人细说那些受到影响的人究竟付出了多少成本。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">理论上来说，所有的成本都可以回过头来向始作俑者收费。污染正如人的压力与失业一样，都可以记在公司的账上。我们可以要求医院支付社区和家里的医疗开支，也可以要求学校为它拒收的学生做一些教育方面的贡献，但是这样的事情并没有实现过。效率的估算往往只局限于某一特定的经济学单位，却让整个社会为其无心的结果付出代价。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">有些人会说，这是经济增长的必然代价。然而人们却不去权衡因为提高效率而付出的成本所得到的收益。在成本确实造成伤害之前，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">效率</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">这面令牌仍然在社会各个层面上畅通无阻，从不顾及对他人的影响。我希望个人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">适当的自私</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">可以顾及总体的利益，但是一路来却是颠簸难行。正如斯密老早就指出的，自私必须和他所谓的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">同情心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">取得平衡，其他人才能接受。不幸的是，同情心总是上不了效率的台面。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">偏向一方的社会</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">一味地追求效率，将导致社会偏向少数，偏离社会大众。在信息时代，国家可能变得更有钱，但工作机会不见得增多。一个社会要取得每年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">的增长，或许就需要提高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">的效率，才可能在全球环境中保持竞争力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">这两个数字之间的差异就是消失的工作。实际上，国家要变得比较有钱，就必须让它的企业变小。缩小规模虽然不可能产生立竿见影的效果，但是这种追求效率的驱动力却很可能腐蚀掉当初因为推动效率文化而设计的一切；利益既没有为社会大众均享，成本也未曾平均分摊。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">20%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">的人产生也得到了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">80%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">的额外财富。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">一个颇具竞争力的企业很快就会抛弃</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">80%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">利润较低的产品或消费者，这样才能集中精力于较高的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">20%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">上。但人类社会却不能如此炮制，不能就此抛弃比较没有生活能力的人，但也不知道拿他们怎么办，只好让他们继续在困境里挣扎，或是给他们提供短期教育，希望他们会重新开始往上爬。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1989</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">年，全美</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">收入最高的人的所得，是占人口</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">40%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">的收入最低的人的全部所得的总和。社会不会长期容忍这种状况。如果全国效率的提高是以更多的人变得更贫困为代价，或许我们并不需要这种东西。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">DIY</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">式经济</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">不过即使有些偏颇，一个经济体提高了效率，仍然是有好处的。每年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">的增长，就表示多了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">的钱可以花。即使公司的工作机会可能减少，潜在的消费者却可能增加。按理说，可以卖给顾客的服务与产品是无限的，尽管从事销售的还是以个人或是小公司居多，瘦身后的大公司较少。如果我们想的是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">顾客</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">，而不是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">工作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">，并且将自己轻轻推向一个自雇式社会，每个人都可能会有工作。有钱没闲者正是有闲没钱者的俎上肉，你只需要有发现消费者与市场的眼光，再加上一技之长，不管提供的是理财建议或是遛狗，只要有值得利用之处就行了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">服务业不需要多少启动资金。真正麻烦的是，那些被效率社会抛弃的人，他们的心态需要大幅改变，也应大量投资于教育与技能培训，这样才可能创造出一种使效率有益于社会的自雇式经济。目前美国只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">6%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">的人属于正式的自雇工作者，这个数字仅是英国人或日本人的一半。大部分美国人仍然断不了组织和社会的奶水，舍弃不了医疗保险与养老金计划的承诺，也不管这些承诺到头来是否可能只是一场空。同情心必须扩大为支付额外的税，大家才可能断奶。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">珍道具</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">的世界</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">效率衍生增长，但是增长不一定如我们所愿平均分布于各个层面。我们必须思考的是，这些多出来的钱会花在什么地方。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3%</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">的增长率持续</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">100</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">年，我们将会消费</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">16</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">倍于今天的东西。我们不可能买下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">16</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">倍于今天的汽车或电视，将来想必会有形形色色的产品和服务，但它们也将会是越来越多的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">珍道具</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Chindogu</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">）。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Chindogu</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">是一个日本字，意思是我们受不了诱惑去买的一无是处的东西，例如眼镜上的小雨刷，附着在拖鞋下面的拖把（想让你在屋子里走来走去时顺便拖地）。每年圣诞节我们都会收到许多用华丽纸张包装起来的这些东西。这是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">上升的消费需求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">真正的意义吗？我们大家辛勤地工作，为的就是这个吗？</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">科技因珍道具而繁荣。现在的洗衣机有十几种程序，不过大半从来不用。我们买它只是因为它提供的选择比别的品牌多。我们成了珍道具的猎物，为自己胡乱堆积了许多无用的东西。整个社会也变成了一个丢弃型经济，否则根本就没有容纳这些东西的空间，搜集废物与回收成为热门行业，邮政服务递送更多目录与免费服务，珍道具世界真是忙碌极了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">一个珍道具社会或许能呈现出不错的经济指数，但是它让人工作或生活的理由却不够好。如果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">上升的消费需求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">指的是一个充满垃圾的世界，我们将很难了解自己为什么还想辛勤工作。正如斯密所说的：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">没有一个爱国者或是有感觉的人可以反对经济增长，但是这种增长本质上没有方向，而且还会自动产生对无用之物的无止境的需求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">斯密赞成以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">陶冶修炼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">作为社会目标，不幸的是，他并没有如何把这个观念融入效率的公式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">人生的意义与满足</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">英国经济学家赫什（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Fred Hirsch</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">）认为经济增长终究会自我限制，因为越来越多的增长是来自于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">树立地位的商品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">，一些让我们与众不同的东西，像是视野开阔的第二套房子，限制严格的会员资格，或是罕见的古董。从内涵上看，这些商品都是有限制的，因为如果大家都有一件，它也就丧失了独特的价值。赫什或许低估了人们发明新时尚与沉迷于其中的潜力，可是一个以羡慕他人为进步动力的社会，似乎并不值得戮力奋斗，而且许多人也并不想要过这样的生活。以效率为动力的经济增长可能不会永无止境，只是今天我们很难预见得出来。另一方面，如果我们希望社会运作良好，无效率也不是最好的选择。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">因此，我们不得不下一个结论：效率或许是社会永续存在的必要条件，然而它所属的经济模式却无法带领我们找到渴望的答案</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&mdash;&mdash;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">也就是生命的意义何在。我们可能需要创造更多纯经济领域之外的活动，这些活动的动机与效率无关，它们偏向于内心的满足与价值。在这种情况下，人们顶多只会稍稍考虑到金钱与市场而已。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">至少有三位与我年龄相当的朋友正在学习钢琴。这种乐器是出了名的难学，尤其是当你的指关节变得越来越僵硬的时候。三个人都以灿烂的字眼描述自己弹奏出一段还算中规中矩的音乐时的那种满足感。买张</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">CD</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">当然更有效率，听起来也更赏心悦目，而且更省钱，但是对他们来说，意义就不可同日而语了。换句话说，就是没有效力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">当然，对于许多英国人消磨时间的一切事物（也就是人们的那些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&ldquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">嗜好</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">）来说也是如此。在我们度过许多欢乐时光的乡村里，共有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">700</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">名居民，他们组织了板球队、戏剧团、缝纫组，甚至教堂鸣钟队。这类团体都谈不上效率，但是重点不在这里，有时候成员们对团体中的混乱简直得意极了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: white; MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="left"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">这不是什么新鲜或令人惊讶的事情。许多人（甚至可能是多数人）觉得人生的意义与满足来自于市场之外的活动，与效率毫无关系。可悲的是，我们私底下做的事并没有公开计算。我们需要想办法让它算数，因为这样一来我们才能够渐渐脱离为自己编造的神话</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&mdash;&mdash;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode'">只有标了价码的事物才值得去做或是去拥有。我们知道这不是真的，人生值得称颂的应该是那些真相。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Lucida Sans Unicode&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>]]>
</content>
</entry>

<entry>
<title>家电“砖家”&新科空调“退市门”：两个人的战争 </title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1976760.html"/>
<issued>2008-07-12T10-54-45 CST</issued> 
<created>2008-07-12T10-54-45 CST</created>
<modified>2008-07-12T10-54-44Z</modified>
<id>tag:Kevin08.blogchina.com,2005://1976760</id>
<author>
<name>Kevin08</name>
<url>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_index/Kevin08.html</url>
</author>
<dc:subject>Default Cloumn</dc:subject>
<content type="text/html" mode="escaped" xml:lang="zh_CN" xml:base="http://www.bokee.net"> 
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世界上有两个人不可交，一个是逐名，一个是逐利。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><font face="Times New Roman"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　世界上有两个文人很可怕，一个是&ldquo;砖家&rdquo;，一个是&ldquo;坐家&rdquo;。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　逐名的人，很傻很天真；逐利的人，很假很势利。&ldquo;砖家&rdquo;则除了嘴里冒泡沫，手里有刀笔，肚里还有&ldquo;妇人心&rdquo;，所以格外开罪不起；坐家，则除了笔下有风骚，卷中有美女，骨子里还有&ldquo;九连环&rdquo;，开罪了他们，就要&ldquo;九族连坐，八代不安&rdquo;。然而，相比较而言，交友，我愿意选择第一种人；因为，逐名的人，最起码很安全，你根本不必担心他把你最后一粒面包屑夺去。而第二种人，则有可能夺去面包屑之后，还要踹上你一脚。害怕，我则恐惧第二种人。因为，&ldquo;砖家&rdquo;的板砖你还可以招架的起，&ldquo;坐家&rdquo;的飞刀，则能够&ldquo;十步杀一人，千里不留形&rdquo;，寒光一道，喉管开裂，流出咕咕的血，足以让你仆地立毙；而且让你&ldquo;死后不得安宁&rdquo;，大有一种鞭其尸余而后快，遗其名臭于万年而解恨的&ldquo;侠&rdquo;者之风。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　然而，这两种人这两天&ldquo;对战&rdquo;了。起因竟是一条&ldquo;莫须有&rdquo;的新闻。北京某</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><font face="Times New Roman">36</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿元卖身的家电连锁企业的新主新政，终止与新科空调的合作，却被演绎为苏宁、国美两大家电连锁将新科空调全国市场撤柜的爆炸新闻。而事实是北京苏宁、国美新科空调早已悄然撤柜，新科空调并未城池全失，变频先锋锋芒受挫；空调先驱待机而动而已。此时新闻也就自然成了&ldquo;旧闻&rdquo;。但是，&ldquo;坐家&rdquo;们岂能容忍&ldquo;旧闻&rdquo;的&ldquo;沉眠&rdquo;。尤其是&ldquo;坐家&rdquo;中的&ldquo;记着&rdquo;们。于是在这些&ldquo;记着&rdquo;的妙笔生花的笔下，&ldquo;旧闻&rdquo;借尸还魂了，起死回生了。个别商家、新科空调的&ldquo;宿敌&rdquo;们，还有那些为了&ldquo;永不忘却的纪念&rdquo;而谋生的&ldquo;记着们&rdquo;，皆大欢喜了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　&ldquo;皆大欢喜&rdquo;自然并不能解他们心头之恨，被&ldquo;砖家&rdquo;板砖砸过的&ldquo;坐家&rdquo;和&ldquo;坐家&rdquo;的利益同盟们，报着必欲除之而后快，斩草除根才心安的必胜信心。量家电&ldquo;砖家&rdquo;以一己之力无以挽狂澜，故大笔一挥，盖棺而且定论；大言一出，利齿足以销魂。正所谓：大作一篇堪能流放于百世，口诛笔伐足以遗香于万年。&ldquo;坐家&rdquo;不愧为&ldquo;坐家&rdquo;，个人行为与企业利益相连；&ldquo;记着&rdquo;不愧为&ldquo;记着&rdquo;，新仇新帐与旧恨旧薄同算。但是，&ldquo;尔曹身与名俱灭，不废江河万古流&rdquo;。&ldquo;砖家&rdquo;仍然是&ldquo;砖家&rdquo;，一个&ldquo;砖家&rdquo;倒下了，无数个&ldquo;砖家&rdquo;站起来！要知道&ldquo;防民之口甚于防川&rdquo;，&ldquo;人在江湖转，岂能不挨砖&rdquo;的道理亘古有之。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">&ldquo;记着&rdquo;仍然是&ldquo;记着&rdquo;，一个&ldquo;记着&rdquo;站起来，无数个&ldquo;记着&rdquo;拉下去！要知道&ldquo;记着&rdquo;永远是民众的看门狗，摇尾乞怜的京巴们所偎依的阔太太们的香腿，总有一天变&ldquo;臭脚&rdquo;，这一计臭脚，不但踢的很远，更可怕的是以后漫长的游荡，丧失了回家的路落寞与凄凉。&ldquo;爱人者，人恒爱之；弄人者，终为人所弄&rdquo;。君不信，让我们以俟后效。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">哪个&ldquo;砖家&rdquo;没有背景，哪个&ldquo;记着&rdquo;不拿红包。嗨呀，&ldquo;砖家&rdquo;、&ldquo;砖家&rdquo;有多少&ldquo;砖头&rdquo;，假汝之名而生。&ldquo;坐家&rdquo;、&ldquo;坐家&rdquo;有多少&ldquo;假作&rdquo;，假汝之名而行&hellip;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><font face="Times New Roman">.. <o:p></o:p></font></span></p>]]>
</content>
</entry>

<entry>
<title>解决绩效低落的难题</title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1976732.html"/>
<issued>2008-07-12T10-43-26 CST</issued> 
<created>2008-07-12T10-43-26 CST</created>
<modified>2008-07-12T10-44-21Z</modified>
<id>tag:Kevin08.blogchina.com,2005://1976732</id>
<author>
<name>Kevin08</name>
<url>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_index/Kevin08.html</url>
</author>
<dc:subject>专业知识</dc:subject>
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<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">面对错综复杂的问题，未了解其相互关系及真正原因之前，切勿轻举妄动</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">许多企业明明拥有绝佳的策略和人才，营运绩效却始终无法符合管理高层或股东的期望，造成这种窘境的原因可能并不难找。如果执行长愿意指派高阶经理或绩优部属组成一个负责找答案的项目小组，该小组应该很快就可直指问题核心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">──</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">有可能是公司领导集团的责任归属不清，或事先未能察觉业务单位和公司总部间权力重心的转移。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">问题一经项目小组揭露，执行长多半无法抗拒直接着手整顿的冲动，例如，立即厘清各高阶主管的责任归属，或重新建立业务单位和总部之间权利义务的平衡。但是，诸如此类造成组织绩效低落的问题，成因可能盘根错节，牵一发动全身。譬如说，管理高层的责任归属不清，可能意味着领导集团里已出现权力真空的现象，因而造成业务单位有较高的自主性。若是本末倒置，仅针对问题造成的效应苦思对策，而未能了解问题的症结所在，绝对无法彻底解决问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">要找出这些影响组织绩效的缺失，若以「由外而内」的方式进行概略性的诊断，较难看出问题的症结、与其它问题的关系、或整个问题的来龙去脉。要研拟一套可长可久的解决方案，企业可效法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">ManufactCo</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">（某公司化名）的作法，第一步，即派出大队人马实地深入企业的运作，试图发掘组织绩效不彰背后种种的复杂原因。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">集体探索</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">ManufactCo</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">是一家员工</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">8</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">千人的制造商，产品在超过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">20</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">个以上的国家制造、销售。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">1980</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> 90</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">年代，一连串的收购计划造成其企业内部文化、行事风格不一而足的情况。这段时期之前的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">年间，该公司的资本投入报酬率（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">ROCE</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">）曾高居同业的前百分之十，然而在前述的购并期，其营运绩效却掉到次百分之十的水准</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">──</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">虽然还算不错，但已不在领先群中，组织中的成员都以为公司的表现应该会更好。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">ManufactCo</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">的高阶主管不明白为何公司丧失了绩效优势</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">──</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">产品依然有其卖点，公司商誉卓著，人才素质在水准之上，上至经理、下至员工莫不致力于提升公司绩效。每年年初，总部和业务单位会一起为各单位制定颇具挑战性的目标，各单位则每个月向总部提出详细的财务报告，内含关键绩效指针和最新的年度财务预测。执行长在定期举行的管理会议中，会公开质疑业务单位主管：对每一项数字追根究底，试图了解前一季度的真正表现为何，并测试各主管对所处竞争环境的了解有多少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">──</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">切都是为了衡量公司是否还可以达到更高的绩效水准。一年到头，业务目标就如此这般地不断追高。所有业务单位主管都必须参加季度业务检讨会议，而他们创造出来的这股戏剧性的气氛，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><a href="http://www.em-cn.com/"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast"><span lang="EN-US">有效</span></span></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">地刺激每一名经理在会议前做好万全准备，好在大家面前提出有说服力的绩效数字。尽管这样的流程有种种优点，该公司的实绩却始终落后既定目标。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">走下坡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">一名新上任的业务部门主管，有感于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">ManufactCo</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">已丧失其绩效优势，遂决定采取扭转乾坤的行动。但同时，他也十分清楚，这个问题不是那么容易解决，且</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">ManufactCo</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">必须在着手解决这个问题前，先对问题有充分的了解。于是，他罕见地投入大量时间和资源为公司的绩效把脉，第一步，就是成立一个编制颇为庞大的工作小组，由十数名公司的未来领袖组成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">──</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">他们尚未成为业务主管，但都是公司内的明日之星</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">──</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">由他们负责确认问题症结所在。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">一开始，该小组先访谈组织中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">60</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">名成员：包括所有部级主管，以及所有重要职能和业务的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">30</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">名代表员工</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">──</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">一般而言，诊断工作极少牵动如此规模的人数。工作小组对于访谈结果并未预设立场，访谈以十个开放式问题为主轴，主要目的不在引导受访者，而在于发掘形式上偏结构性的行为层面问题。曾提出的问题包括：「你认为提升营运绩效的障碍为何？」、「目前的作业流程对公司绩效有正面或负面的效果？」、「团队合作是否有效率？」、「公司组织有哪些优点值得保持？」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">进行了五、六场访谈后，小组渐渐发现，主管们一般而言对公司的问题颇能达成共识，但对解决方案的看法则莫衷一是。举例来说，主管们认为准备绩效检讨会议所需的所有资料是一大负担，而检讨会本身不过是一场审判大会，无法真正催化绩效的提升。总部和业务主管之间有关如何提升营运绩效的对话，已不若以往的开诚布公、富开拓性和启发性，反而成为一场打击士气的攻防战，而所有主管都视目标制定流程为一场迂回游戏。至此，尽管工作小组已能根据访谈结果拟出一份问题清单，但还是坚持完成所有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">60</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">场访谈，以保有这群重要人物的参与感。这次访谈行动的消息流传出去后，越来越多人希望公司能听到自己的意见。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">确认了影响绩效的问题后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">──</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">许多和绩效管理制度有关</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">──</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">诊断工作小组的确一度急于立即着手研拟解决方案，但由于过去曾有推出一连串绩效提升措施，却无法发挥预期成效的失败经验，该小组最终还是抗拒了那股冲动，继续追究问题的根源何在。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">跌至谷底</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">寻根究底的工作分两天进行，举行了两场全天的研讨会，诊断工作小组同样地劳师动众，邀集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">60</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">名受访者与会。为了找出问题的根源，每一个在访谈中浮现的问题，都可作为讨论的起点，不断提问「为什么会这样？」直到大家归纳出基本的限制因素或共同见解为止。举例来说，以「总部和业务单位主管之间有关绩效的对话已不够开诚布公」这个问题作为起点，透过上述流程，得以确认若干颇为明显的成因，诸如缺乏相关资料左证，概略性的绩效检讨并不足以作为细部辩论的沟通管道等。但是，过程中也发现不少非直觉因素（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">nonintuitive factors</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">），和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">ManufactCo</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">的企业哲学、组织结构、员工的行为模式、甚至人事作法等息息相关。例如，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><a href="http://www.em-cn.com/Special/Professionalmanagers"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast"><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#000000">经理<span lang="EN-US">人</span></font></span></span></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">认为难以针对绩效问题进行一针见血、公开辩论的部分原因，在于他们在主持会议方面所受的训练或指导不足。过程中同时显示，之所以无法针对公司绩效进行坦诚讨论的原因，不在于个人操守不佳或刻意隐瞒；在和诊断工作小组一对一的访谈中，受访者完全卸下武装，以开放、坦诚的态度应对。然而，到了绩效管理流程中的正式团体会议时，这种坦诚的态度却不复见。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">随着研讨会的讨论愈见深入，与会者渐渐发现因果之间存在复杂的系统性关联，甚至原本极为实用的信念或行为，却证明带来不利的影响。举例来说，高度重视绩效看来是一项资产，但其实际意义是，未能达成绩效目标的经理人会迭遭指责，即使鲜少因而被革职的例子，但在公司里已失去立足点和晋升的机会。如此一来，业务单位主管参加年度目标制定的协商过程时，多半会为了容纳年内仍会不断增加的目标，一开始就以争取转圜空间为目的。而当</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">ManufactCo</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">的领导人察觉到这些业务主管没有说实话，便要求他们提供更多资料，好在下次检讨绩效时能更有效地质疑之前提出的目标。业务单位主管自然对这个举动心生排斥，使得整个流程获得的真实信息过少，无法了解公司的实际绩效，亦无从提出改善方式。结果，一味追高目标和要求更多资料的游戏就一直这么继续下去，形成一个恶性循环，使得相关问题更形恶化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">如此重视绩效提升还有其它的层面，就正面影响而言，经理人会不断寻求也善于掌握改善绩效的机会，公司便据以激活一连串的相关措施，却未建立一个机制，有效地安排这些措施的优先级，或终止未能创造预期成效的措施，造成众多改善措施不易管理的问题。资源一旦过于分散，便无法充分地落实或追踪各项措施，因此极少数的措施能如预期地发挥效果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">设计解决方案</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">至此，诊断工作从一连串隐密的访谈演变成集体探索之旅。诊断工作小组向这</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">60</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">名受访者简要说明访谈结论后，随即在受访者之间引发一场铿锵有力、开诚布公的讨论，产生了一股不安的解放感。有解放感，是因为他们首度得以公开讨论组织令人失望的表现，也有机会采取具体的改善行动；而不安感的来源，则是因为他们必须承认自己的行为，也是造成组织目前这种局面的部分原因。尽管如此，这一群人还是对问题、成因以及相互之间的关联，共同建立了深入而广泛的认知。同时，大家对组织既有的优势颇有共识，也有高度的参与感以及积极改变的意愿。当这些受访者将亲身体验传达给所属的工作团队，此一「不安的解放感」开始在组织中扩散，使得诊断结果成为一项集体的成就。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">如今组织上下已了解到问题和其成因之间存在系统性的关联，等于为诊断小组创造了一个开始设计全面解决方案的成熟时机。诊断小组透过访谈，已掌握了许多问题之间的关联，因此，与其设计各自独立、毫不相关的解决方案，该小组决定以全盘整顿制度为目标。首先，诊断小组详列组织值得保留的优点以及有待解决的潜在问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">──</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">事实上，也就是拟定解决方案的设计参考。接着，开始规划解决每个问题根源的干预行动，直指「为什么会这样？」的最终核心。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">只要再看一下受访者言谈间透露的问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">──</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">绩效的相互讨论不够开诚布公</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">──</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">就可以了解这个过程如何取得成功。既然已经知道问题的症结何在，以及它和其它问题的关联，负责设计解决方案的工作小组即可研拟一套干预行动，彻底铲除这个问题。例如，该小组明白公司各项业务在本质上互异，便研拟一套措施，简化绩效检讨会所需的资料，并增加可供绩效讨论进行的论坛，好让组织中上至董事会、下至第一线人员都能参加。工作小组也试着解决较不明显的问题根源</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">──</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">例如，全公司人员都要接受技能训练，学习如何进行挑战性的对话、在会议上提报，以确保达成目标。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">在整个解决方案的设计流程中，工作小组不断透过各种小型研讨会和焦点团体座谈会，经由受访者测试各项提案的可行性，务求兼顾恶性循环成因的每一要素。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">广泛应用</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;ˎ̥&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-para-margin-top: .5gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast">集体探索的作法可应用于各式各样的组织体系和流程上，某家工业性公