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<title><![CDATA[顾老师屏幕翻译工作室]]> </title>
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<![CDATA[中国传媒大学顾老师屏幕翻译教学和创作的信息平台，与学生交流信息、传递资料、讨论问题的网上空间。]]>
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<link>http://bjterry.blog.bokee.net/</link>
<language>zh-cn</language>
<creator>bjterry</creator>
<pubDate>Sat, 02 Apr 2011 20:32:12 CST </pubDate>
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<title>顾老师公共邮箱使用说明</title>
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<![CDATA[<div>
<div><font color="#000000" size="5">各位同学：</font></div>
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<div><font color="#000000" size="5">为了方便与大家传送信息和文件，我启用了公共电子邮箱，登录地址是：<a target="_blank" href="http://www.126.com/"><font color="#1e5494">www.126.com</font></a>&nbsp;</font> ，<font color="#000000" size="5">邮箱是：<a target="_blank" _listener="1319" href="mailto:bjdub@126.com"><font color="#1e5494">bjdub@126.com</font></a>&nbsp; </font><font color="#000000" size="5">秘码是公开的，即我校的六位数字的邮政编码，大家可以随时进入这个邮箱下载我给大家准备的资料。</font></div>
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<div><font color="#000000" size="5">请大家下载的文件都在这个邮箱的&ldquo;网盘&rdquo;里，双击左侧目录中&ldquo;网盘&rdquo;即可进入网盘的目录，然后点击相应的文件夹名称，如&ldquo;本科生毕业论文&rdquo;，就可以看到其中的文件列表了，接下来就可以下载你做需要的文件了。</font></div>
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<div><font color="#000000" size="5">为了保证大家都能及时下载资料，请大家只阅读或者下载文件，请不要对邮箱的设置及里面的文件做任何改动。</font></div>
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<div><font color="#000000" size="5">祝大家学习进步，生活愉快！</font>&nbsp;</div>
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<div><font color="#000000" size="5">顾老师</font></div>
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<subject>教学互动反馈</subject>
<author>bjterry</author>
<category>教学互动反馈</category>
<pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2011 02:52:38 CST </pubDate>
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<item>
<title>《百花深处》参考材料</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/9205855.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<div class="Section0" style="layout-grid:  15.6pt none">
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1、百花深处胡同</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">百花深处</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">：</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">胡同名。北京市西城区什刹海街道辖域。东起护国寺东巷，西至新街口南大街。北侧与新太平胡同相通；南侧与护国寺西巷相通。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　明代有张氏夫妇在新街口南小巷内购买空地二三十亩，种青菜为生。后在园中辟地种植牡丹、芍药，在池中种植莲藕。当时城中士大夫等多前往游赏，故称此地为百花深处。清代花园荒废，渐成街巷，乾隆年间称花局胡同。光绪年间称百花深处胡同。民国后简称今名。1965年护国寺后庙并入。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　老舍这样描写百花深处：&ldquo;胡同是狭而长的。两旁都是用碎砖砌的墙。南墙少见日光，薄薄的长着一层绿苔，高处有隐隐的几条蜗牛爬过的银轨。往里走略觉宽敞一些，可是两旁的墙更破碎一些。&rdquo;顾城有《题百花深处》诗一首，&ldquo;百花深处好，世人皆不晓。小院半壁阴，老庙三尺草。秋风未曾忘，又将落叶扫。此处胜桃源，只是人将老。&rdquo;陈升在歌曲《北京一夜》中唱到&ldquo;不敢在午夜问路怕走到了百花深处&rdquo;。陈凯歌导演曾拍过短片《百花深处》，是《十分钟年华老去》中的一个片断，英文译作《100&nbsp;Flowers&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;Deep&nbsp;》。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">2、&nbsp;电影短片：《百花深处》</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">15位当今世界著名的电影导演，以&ldquo;时光&rdquo;为主题，每人用10分钟时间拍摄的短片串成的合集。该片由英国Ten　Minutes　Older有&nbsp;限公司斥资上亿元人民币拍摄，串成一部150分钟的电影，旨在展示当代世界电影的最高艺术水准。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">这篇是陈凯歌的作品《百花深处》，以一个情感动人的寓言讲述了城市的变迁。　一个老北京，他的百花深处胡同早已被拆除了，他却总以为自己还住那里。于是一天，他找来了搬家公司，搬家公司知道他是疯子后，装模作样地帮他折腾屋子，还&ldquo;碎了花瓶&rdquo;。最后，在卡车里，夕阳下，这个老北京总算告别了老宅。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">3、</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">凯歌短片《百花深处》压轴年华老去</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">记者昨日获悉，今年戛纳开幕电影已经确定为英国大制作《十分钟，年华老去》，该片因其荟萃了１１位当今世界最有原创力的电影导演各自１０分钟以时间为主题的短篇而备受全球瞩目。惟一入选该片的华人导演为我国导演陈凯歌，他的短片《百花深处》被定作该片的压轴片。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">《十分钟，年华老去》由英国<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">１０分钟，年华老去</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">有限公司斥资上亿元人民币拍摄，原本邀请了１５位世界大师级导演，意在展示当代世界电影的最高艺术水准，１５位导演各拍１０分钟，串成一部１５０分钟的电影。每位导演在１０分钟内所选择的主题和题材不拘一格。他们分别是中国著名导演陈凯歌和王家卫、法国</font><font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">新浪潮</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">电影的代表人物戈达尔、美国黑人先锋导演斯派克</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">李、以《末代皇帝》一片获第６０届奥斯卡最佳导演奖的意大利名导贝尔纳多</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">贝托鲁奇、德国幻想电影导演维尔纳</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">赫若格、法国凯撒奖最佳导演贝特赫塔维涅，以及伊朗导演阿巴斯、芬兰导演阿基</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">考里斯马基、西班牙导演维克多</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">埃利斯、德国导演维姆</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">文德斯、捷克导演杰西</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">米切尔、美国导演吉姆</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">贾莫什、米克</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">费格斯和法国导演贾克</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">希维特。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">最后的完成片记者获悉，只有１１位导演的作品，原来打算的１５０分钟缩减为１１０分钟，并被分成上下两篇，陈凯歌的作品《百花深处》因深得好评而被定为上部的压轴篇。香港导演王家卫遗憾落选。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">据悉，陈凯歌想把自己的短篇命名为《Ｌｏｓｔ（迷失）》，但是英国制片人非常喜欢原先的名字《百花深处》的感觉和意境，而坚持要用《百花深处》这个片名。据说<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">百花深处</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">也是北京一处胡同的名称。而陈凯歌片中的两位男主角分别是在《吕布与貂蝉》中扮演重要角色的耿乐和冯远征。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">前两届戛纳电影节的开幕电影分别为《红磨坊》和《第五元素》。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">4、</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">花逝</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&mdash;&mdash;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">评陈凯歌</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">《</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">百花深处</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">》</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">如果每一寸净土都被钢筋泥墙所取代，那么世界将会缩成一个硬冷的城堡。如果每一个人的心里都失去了信仰的家园，那么灵魂将会流离失所。百花胡同消失了，如同在寒冬中的花朵，带着伤势，暗藏在大雪深处，而春天永不再来。逝去的不仅是百花，而是一种无奈，一种悲凉，一种对纯粹精神文化的追求与期盼。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;十分钟的时间，陈凯歌像一个经验丰富的说书人，叙述简短却不仓促。明快的节奏只是铺陈，为深意的揭示创造了一个鲜明的对比。影片随着一阵欢腾的鞭炮声拉开了帷幕，仰拍镜头下的高楼更显挺拔，北京的发展显然气势磅礴。&ldquo;给我搬家好吗？&rdquo;冯先生问。&ldquo;成，有钱就搬！&rdquo;大楼下的搬家公司答应着，随后开车带上兴高采烈的冯先生开往未知的百花胡同。而百花胡同如今已成为今日翻新的平地，冯先生只是一个神志不清的人，固执着幻想出夕日百花胡同的繁华景象。搬家公司的人首先唏嘘嘲笑着，然后为了钱而进行了另人啼笑皆非的&ldquo;搬家&rdquo;，最后的叙事速度逐渐沉静下来，用包含意味的镜头语言为我们巧妙揭开了心理情感的转变：无奈而同情地目送冯先生疯癫的身影消失在夕阳深处，虚幻之界。至此，人们的精神完成了一个有关反省的摆渡之旅。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;镜头的运用和拍摄角度颇为巧妙。在耿乐驾车走在都市街道的一组镜头里，摄象机始终是随车运动的，以冯先生的主观镜头，表达了像冯先生这样&ldquo;深居&rdquo;传统文化的人对现代物质生活的新鲜感和不稳定之感。从一开始对大楼的仰拍、连续的有关北京建筑高耸繁华的空镜头、到后来对平坦落寞&ldquo;百花胡同&rdquo;的大全景拍摄，无一不使观众的情绪跌宕，真实感受到一种因时代发展而带来的对老北京文化遗忘的残酷。这种残酷是令人痛心的。人们在迫求发展的同时，往往舍弃掉太多东西。包括一种对精神文化的呵护，也已随着城市崛起的惊涛骇浪，卷入寂静的海底。也许陈凯歌给我们提出的，是一个关于精神与物质的严肃命题。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;冯远征的表演有一种说不出道理的牵引力，发人深醒。也许是他在《不要和陌生人说话》中的表演给人留下了太深刻的印象，以至于他的举手投足间都给人以惊动之感。镜头下，他以一副病态的面孔引起人们好奇的目光，又以一种疯癫之中的执著带动起人们的同情与思索。他像个小孩子一样渴望着&ldquo;搬新家喽&rdquo;，摇着铃铛，奔跑在自己构想的胡同之中。高潮的部分在他以为花瓶被打碎之后，他的眼神陷入了一种空洞而绝望当中。茫然，失落和对这个世界的不信任。随后他的哭，是以一个疯子的表情牵动寻常人心中最隐蔽而柔软的地方。于是，搬家公司的人被打动了，观众也被这种精神氛围给循循善诱到思索的领域中，而百花胡同也在这发人深省的哭泣中再次复苏，重现繁华到荒凉的变换。到这里，我们恍然大悟，打碎的不是一个花瓶，</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; background: rgb(255,255,0); font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-highlight: rgb(255,255,0)">而是北京的胡同文化</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">，在人们的手中被把玩丢弃，脆弱的不堪一击。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;影片中的喜剧元素被运用的令人称道。开头中喜剧色彩无疑是强烈的，搬家公司对冯先生那啼笑皆非的演戏，荒诞却让人忍俊不禁。陈凯歌的聪明之处就在这里，借用一个疯子的视角，不张扬，不冗长，自由的为我们讲述了一个包含无限深意的主题。也许疯癫从某一方面来说更能接近人性的本质和单纯，人们在影片中看到，疯的人比正常人更清醒，疯的人比正常人心灵更纯净，这是一种巨大的揭露和讽刺。全片以喜开头，以悲结尾，</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; background: rgb(255,255,0); font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-highlight: rgb(255,255,0)">悲和喜的强烈冲突才能凸显影片的主题。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;影片的最后，车子在返回的路途中陷入泥坑中。冯先生在泥坑中发现了胡同里已破损不堪的铃铛。他记忆中的铃铛。他拿着这铃铛奔跑着，奔向百花深处。人们仿佛又看到了高大的庭院，繁盛的胡同文化，在一片神奇的色彩中生机盎然。只是现实依旧是夕日繁华消退，风景只是过眼云烟，转瞬即逝，只剩下冯先生颤动的身影和灵魂，消失在黯淡的余辉中。这背影，黑的像咖啡，苦的像人生。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;《百花深处》在短短的十分钟里表现了虚与实的交错、历史与现实的传承、以及对于过往细腻而繁杂的怀恋。也许现在冯先生依旧守望着百花胡同，却不知百花已逝，空剩一个孤独的灵魂而已。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">5、随谈《百花深处》&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">看到第二遍《百花深处》才理解陈凯歌。这部短片表达了一个基本的怀旧和时光流逝的主题。陈凯歌的符号设置隐蔽而又能暗中传递视听信号，影响你的情绪却不被你察觉。高手的功力就是体现在这里：他不紧不慢的给你加温，你没有觉察，结尾的时候才发觉自己内心的沸点。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">符号是重点。片中主人公出场装束本来就不是随便找了件衣服的。他头戴黄色帽子，身穿红色衣服，外面又披了一件土色外衣。我们稍加联想就会发现，紫禁城的皇宫建筑是黄色屋顶，大红的围墙。恰与男主角的服饰相似。这种相似绝不是巧合。男主角本身就被赋予了怀旧的符号。土色外衣值得玩味，它象征的是怀旧的古典的文化被现代生活的包围。此外男主角说话的娘娘腔也是引人瞩目的形象设置，娘娘腔很容易让我们想到的是封建王朝的太监，而太监也是古时曾有，如今已消失的事物。男主人公的娘娘腔提供给我们的暗示是，他仿佛是一个活在古代的人。之后他的言行也发展了这种暗示：满口京腔老北京，却认不清如今北京的道路。另一个符号是铃铛。这个符号在情节中起到证明某种古老曾经存在的作用。虽然搬家公司的人在荒地上根本没有看到任何房屋和家具，虚拟的搬家看似荒诞离奇，但是最后男主角终于还是发现一个修掉的旧铃铛，它证明了这里的曾经。男主角并没有说谎，只是时光错位，昨日若能重现，也只是幻影。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">陈凯歌能拍出《黄土地》、《霸王别姬》、《风月》还有如今的《百花深处》，也能拍出《无极》，其实并不奇怪。如果《百花深处》能赚和《无极》一样的钱，那么陈凯歌也就没有必要拍《无极》了。大多数观众不会花钱去看一部需要耗费心智去欣赏的文艺电影，他们更需要的是无需动脑的纯粹消遣，陈凯歌在《无极》中尝试迎合观众，却不料自己是太过处心积虑，为观众想的太多，观众反而因为觉得太简单太弱智了，于是认为纷纷认为自己的智商受到了极大的侮辱，当然会突然冒出如此多的批判声。幸而，我们不去研究电影市场，因为还有《百花深处》，陈凯歌仍然是一位优秀的电影导演。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">6<font face="宋体">、</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-size: 11pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">坚韧的窗户纸<font face="Verdana">&mdash;&mdash;</font><font face="宋体">陈凯歌《百花深处》观后感</font></span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-size: 11pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">坚挺了近十分钟后，陈凯歌的才华终于在即将高潮之际一泄如注<font face="Times New Roman">&hellip;&hellip;</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　《百花深处》这个标题很容易让人想到陈升的那首《北京一夜》：<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">地安门外</font><font face="Times New Roman">&hellip;&hellip;</font><font face="宋体">百花深处</font><font face="Times New Roman">&hellip;&hellip;</font><font face="宋体">面容安详的老人，等着那出征的归人</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">。</font><font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">时光</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">还是两个作品共同的主题。所不同的是，陈凯歌的《百花深处》试图以俯视的角度审视现代化与传统殊死冲突这个国际化的命题。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　以往的陈凯歌是我尊重的导演。当同为<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">第五代</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">标志型人物的张艺谋完成了从反叛、漠视到招安的奋斗历程；当一批新锐导演迷恋于个人体验而无力自拔，年过半百的陈凯歌却没有放弃社会责任感，以反思和批判的目光打量着这个似乎变幻无常的年代。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　影片讲述这样一个故事：一个搬家公司的小头目耿乐刚刚为一个顾客搬完家，冯先生找到耿乐说自己也要搬家，于是带着耿乐一伙人找百花胡同，但当费劲周折找到百花胡同时，那里已成为一片废墟，只有一棵老槐树孤零零地留在那里。耿乐他们大呼上当，掉头离去，这时接到公司电话，电话说，这几天有一个疯子到处找人给他搬家，告诉耿乐别上他的当，上了当别忘了要钱。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　为了要钱，耿乐他们又折回来给冯先生搬家。于是冯先生就给他们讲：这是大立柜、这是鱼缸、那是花瓶儿，于是耿乐他们就搬没有实物的家，当搬一个前清的瓷瓶时，由于有人要吸烟借火，搬运工一松手瓷瓶摔碎了，冯先生哭了。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　搬好了东西，车往前开，冯先生告诉耿乐胡同前面有个沟，结果车真的陷进去了。在陷车的地方，挖出了一个铜铃铛，冯先生捡起铜铃铛高兴地跑向落日，耿乐他们蓦然回首，落日余辉中一个水墨四合院出现了。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　现代化对传统的征服带来了怎样的后果？《百花深处》描画了这样一个场景：当传统文化这个物质家园被摧毁之后，人类的精神家园也将无枝可栖。<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">冯先生</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">以变疯这种极端的方式，象征性地昭示了这一严重的后果。而那几个搬家工人像我们大多数人一样，在灾难面前表现的是可悲的冷漠和麻木。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　与绝妙的创意相比，影片的摄影平庸或是平实。但有一个镜头给我留下了印象：在汽车驶进废墟时，摄影机从一间残壁的窗户内，窗框为前景拍摄了这一画面。这个镜头不过<font face="Times New Roman">3</font><font face="宋体">秒钟，从构图上来讲没有问题，但视角却太像主观镜头，这就会影响观众沉浸剧情</font><font face="Times New Roman">&mdash;&mdash;</font><font face="宋体">在窗口窥视的不是摄影机还会是谁呢？这一点，阿巴斯在类似场景中的处理就严谨得多，他始终在避免观众意识到摄影机的存在。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　影片的音效颇为出彩。虚拟的搬家声响既有趣味性，又切合了疯子的主观视角。当不存在的<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">前清花瓶</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">被失手摔碎时，荒诞感的鼓点变成了忧伤的长音，与向前缓移的镜头相配合，直到冯先生哀伤的脸部特写出现，将影片的基调由荒诞转为沉重。当冯先生摇着铃铛跑向</font><font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">新家</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">的时候，一个动画的四合院出现了，伴随着的是风铃声、叫卖声和传统器乐的交相辉映，这些音效把观众带回了</font><font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">过去的好时光</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">，有力的烘托了影片的主题，并将影片推向了高潮。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　而就在此刻，导演<font face="Times New Roman">&mdash;&mdash;</font><font face="宋体">这部故事的上帝显现出了力不从心。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　应当说，在动画出现前，故事的讲述是出色的，每一个细节都经过了精心的设计。尽管搬家公司的电话我认为不太合常理<font face="Times New Roman">&mdash;&mdash;</font><font face="宋体">竟然让他们从疯子手里拿工钱！但这是故事的第一个情节点，没有这个情节点，故事就无法往荒诞的方向发展，对于一个十分钟的影片，凯歌尽力了。第二个情节点就自然多了，发现失落的铃铛尽管巧合，但并不算突兀，这个情节点成功地将故事引向高潮。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　总体来说，层层递进的悬念还是能吸引人看下去。陈凯歌的名字之所以能跟国际电影大师们一起排在这张<font face="Times New Roman">DVD</font><font face="宋体">的封皮上，不是没理由的。但后来的一分钟证明，真正要和大师们并肩，却是一个无比艰难的任务。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　十分钟的影片就像一部短篇小说。博尔赫斯最青睐短篇小说，因为它能构成一个完美的圆形。但实际上这个理想却很难完成。长篇需要作者超强的稳定性和持久力，短篇要求作者具备高度收放自如的驾驭能力，两者都是对创作人极高的挑战。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　显然，对于这样一个短篇，陈凯歌很清楚，他必须在十分钟里就要给观众一次完整而完美的体验。为了制造一个足够刺激的高潮，在隐身奋战了近十分钟后，这个<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">上帝</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">迫不及待地出马，用百花</font><font face="Times New Roman">&mdash;&mdash;</font><font face="宋体">雪花这浅白的意境动画了一个冯先生脑海中的四合院，以弥补观众的想象力，人为的强迫这个故事以及每个观众到达高潮。不幸的是，这种最后阶段的冲刺却暴露了导演驾驭这次体验的生疏和胆怯。将脑海中的四合院写实无疑是画蛇添足，用现代化的电脑动画来表现更是匪夷所思。用搬家工人的视角来想象这一变迁则透露出明显的说教意味，这大大冲淡了本来十分沉重的主题。由此一来，一部艺术电影瞬间就变成了一个平庸的公益广告。于是，我们看到的并不是一次大师的完美创作，而是一个年轻人初识人事的慌乱。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　与许多美好的人生体验一样，艺术创作从来不是单向的，而是作者与受众两者共同完成的。对艺术家而言，对受众是否具备足够的尊重严重影响到作品的质量。世界级的大师对受众的智力都给予了相当的尊敬，而中国的艺术家特别是电影创作者往往欠缺这一美德。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　在上世纪<font face="Times New Roman">80</font><font face="宋体">年代后，不断有中国电影获国际奖。也许最悲观的人都会觉得，中国电影的最高水准离国际级大师仅隔一张窗户纸。但那个四合院却告诉大家，那张古老而陈旧的窗户纸是多么的坚韧，坚韧到令人有些丧气和绝望</font><font face="Times New Roman">&hellip;&hellip;</font></span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">7</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、评陈凯歌《百花深处》</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">还好，汽车有个照后镜，有时候可以让我们回头看看。看看过去，看看模糊的人影和记忆。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">把时间的概念和感叹转化成影象，「对比」是最简便，也最有力的表现手法。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">于是，陈凯歌拍摄「百花深处」时，场景就选在旧房子一栋栋拆，大兴土木迎向大未来的北京市，人物则是汲汲营营帮人们圆新房子梦的搬家公司工人。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">新马路一条条出来，北京变了，新北京骄傲地炫耀着他们的新路标，老北京则是焦燥于对记忆的徨惑和失落，男主角手摸着头，懊恼地说：「怎么都不认得了呢？</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">是啊，我们都习惯以记忆傲人，有的人提起往事可以如数家珍，有的人对于人情掌故可以细说从头，记忆是我们在人情社会里很重要的谈话本钱，有一天，原本熟悉的一切却都不认得的时候，那是多大的失落？这是陈凯歌的第一层「对比」。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">接下来，搬家工人火了，叫什么「百花深处」？别再用这种美丽的名词来唬弄人了，光秃秃的一片黄土地，只剩一棵老榕树，这也叫「百花深处」？不是老板要求收钱，他们早就撤了，为了钱，大伙人只好回头演戏，你说搬就搬吧，就沿着你说的四合院一路迄逦走去，搬花瓶的搬花瓶，搬家当的搬家当，资本主义下的人生不都是一切为钱服务，一切为钱看吗？人生的虚与实，就是陈凯歌的第二层「对比」，更让我们看到了当下生活的本质。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">音乐在搬家过程中开始扮演起模拟的嘲讽效果，弦乐声急就是行云流水上戏喽，锣鼓敲响就是跌跌撞撞，走路要小心，幌当一声，瓶破了，人哭了，音乐停了，人生还有比碎裂，不能再愈合的宝贝更教人心疼的事吗？原来，假戏真做，也可能有会想象不到的灾难吗？陈凯歌的第三层「对比」到了这里卖了个小关子，看到大男人哭哭啼啼，如丧拷贝的模样，大家都泄了气，戏也甭演了，钱也别收了，赶快回家吧。那么，戏该怎么收场呢？</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">真正的对比在此刻出现了，男主角提醒大家要小心，前面有个沟，司机不信，前面的路看起来多平坦，那有这回事？不信邪，往前冲，轮胎果真就陷进沟里，动弹不得了，男主角匆匆下车，在沟缝里找到了他们庭廊前悬挂的风铃，司机蓦然回首，原来「百花深处」确有其处，只是当下的人看不见了，一切都踩埋在黄士地下，一切都只活在老哥儿们的记忆里，电脑绘图试图浮现当年百花深处的盛世容颜，却也只有依稀仿佛的轮廓和色块了。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">时间是什么？工人们站在百花深处故居，回头凝眸的那一刻，影片戛然而止，诗人诗心，一切都不必讲白的，留下余韵让人咀嚼，才是功力。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">这不才是我在</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1985</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">年所认识的陈凯歌吗？走出电影院，我依稀看见昔日老友两鬓尚未飘白的神采。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">百花深处看花落&mdash;&mdash;浅析电影《百花深处》&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在已逝的老北京城里，有一个叫做百花深处的胡同；在曾经纯朴如斯的人类灵魂深处，有一个美丽的百花园。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;都说艺术的最高目的是改造人类的灵魂，随着作品的跌宕起伏，观众的灵魂与此同时也得当了一次洗礼、一次净化。这，大概就是所谓艺术对人类的终极关怀。这样说来，在由陈凯歌导演的十分钟短片《百花深处》中，虽不能看到人物经理灵魂极限运动的过程，却一样可以感觉到创作者的苦心，给观众在过渡现代化文明下变得日渐麻木日渐冰冷的心灵，带来一次洗礼，甚至是一次灵魂的考问。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;作为主人公贯穿始终的冯先生不是一个独立的角色个体，借助影片，冯先生实际上表现的是当今中国、甚至世界中的一类人。换句话说，冯先生，既有独立的人物形象，也代表这一类人。他没有在现代化文明变迁的波折中胜出；他不是一个理想人格的拥有者，用嘴执白的话来说，他在这次波这种成为一个失败者、他没挨过这道坎，他，疯了。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;这样看来，《百花深处》的主人公即为一个疯子。一个没有正常逻辑思维的疯子，可以做一切没有逻辑的事情而显得毫不突兀。既然这样，冯先生的故事还有事么可看的呢？&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;而事实却恰恰并非如此，冯先生的许多行为和戏剧动作，在疯子的幌子下看似荒唐无稽，却表现这对已逝的生存环境以及文化的一种留恋。由于角色的特殊，冯先生可以身着T恤牛仔裤戴上一顶红色遮阳帽，但言谈举止，甚至一个手势，却都透露着与衣着、乃至与现代生活不相符的复古气息。仿佛一个来自明国时代的老太爷，一个一不小心从坟墓中爬出来的活僵尸。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;故事，是从搬家开始的，冯先生揽下了搬家公司的卡车，叨念着要去一个叫做&ldquo;百花深处&rdquo;，实际上早已不存在的胡同搬家。不知情的搬运工人在冯先生的&ldquo;唬弄&rdquo;下来到了已是一片废墟的百花深处旧址，大为恼火的搬运工人却因要收回&ldquo;出车费&rdquo;而上上演了一场无实物搬运家什的闹剧。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在出车至搬运的过程中，影片运用了许多对比的手法。如出车途中冯先生对建设后充满现代化气息、代表着新北京的高架、扩宽的新马路满是陌生和疑惑，而当搬运车渐行渐远，来到拆迁区、来到荒芜的胡同时，冯先生却对周围的一切愈加熟悉起来。面对已成昔日之景的废墟，他的话越来越多、精神越来越亢奋，表情也越来越激动，对根本不存在的景致一一如数家珍。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;还有无实物搬运时搬运工人的迷茫、逗笑，与冯先生的认真、执著形成对比。以及其背后表达出的旧文化的矜持、规范与新文化的实用、时尚之间价值观的对比、差异。而讽刺的却是：旧文化的代表，在这里确有一个饱受现代文明迫害而发疯的疯子进行代言。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;果然，除去多次出现，往往具有多重意味的复杂、庞大的对比结构外，讽刺也是《百花深处》中反复出现的手法。从某些方面来讲，讽刺甚至就是《百花深处》的主题之一。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在一次提及那段令人印象深刻的无实物表演。这些家什，搬运工人们看不到、摸不着，只能装模作样故作卖力，颇有些《皇帝的新装》的感觉；这些家什，观众也看不到，却可以从冯先生在乎、谨慎、充满疼惜的眼神中感受到这些紫檀木的案几、古瓷的花瓶，仿佛真的存在。这时，便有一种被狠狠甩了一巴掌的感觉，这些古老的、曾经那么真实的存在过的东西，却在时代的变迁中、文化的变革中渐渐逝去，成了只有疯子才能看到的昨日黄花。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在搬运的过程中，唯一可见的家什，就是一只古瓷花瓶，却也是在摔碎之后。这样的讽刺似乎还有几许沉重，感觉正在被质问：所有的传统文化是否已如同这只花瓶一样碎裂无法修补？亦或是发问是否只有当传统文化已然被破坏时，才会被关注、才会被人看到？&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;而影片中另一个让人印象深刻的讽刺，莫过于几个搬运工人对冯先生魂牵梦萦的百花深处胡同表现出的陌生。作为体力工作者的搬运工人，或许可以对许多文化内涵感到陌生。而事实上，作为在北京土生土长的胡同串儿，他们，未来北京建设的主力军，正对哺育自己成长的土地感到陌生、疏远，就必将成为一个没有历史、没有过去、没有根基的群体，显得那样浮躁和浅薄。今天丢失了历史；历史失去了继承，这样的思考，还不足以拷问灵魂吗？&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;现在，让我们再次把注意力放回影片的主人公&mdash;&mdash;冯先生的身上。他是一个极端的人物，本身就是一个矛盾体。现代化文明给我们的生活、学习带来许多受益，如提高了效率、缩短了距离等等等等，在此无需喜酒。而物极必反，过度的现代文明也给人带来了弊端，在本片中，这一点无疑是弊大于利的。冯先生，就是过渡现代文明的典型受害者。刚才也提及过，《百花深处》的主题之一就是讽刺，因此作为疯子的冯先生同时又是现代过渡文明的嘲弄者。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;这不由让人想到鲁迅笔下的狂人了，有这样一个极端人物出现时，必是一个民族面临一定危难的时候。如果说狂人的出现是因为革命失败、外敌压境、华夏儿女处于水深火热之中的话，疯子冯先生的横空出世，则不能不说是因为我们的传统文明正面临着一次冲击且愈发薄弱，被过度现代文明不断侵害而支离破碎，成为梦里、或疯子眼中才能看到的断垣残壁。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;写文章是我们会说笔是为心服务的，同样，一部影片也表达着创作者的立场。现在，我们可以肯定的是《百花深处》绝非一部零智慧的闹剧，它带给人思考、发人深省，尤其深刻的思想性，但又不同于一般或传统意义上的正剧。这，就与创作者的立场有关了。创作者站在其后现代主义的立场上，借疯子之口，痛诉了其对现代科学、现代文明弊病的反叛。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;诚然，金无赤足，《百花深处》拥有其不可抹煞的闪光优点的同时，也有一些还需斟酌的部分。就如卡车驶离百花深处胡同时出现的模拟建筑图那一场景，音乐配得极好，古韵悠悠，似乎还有一些喜乐的色彩，却把影片调侃表象下沉重的悲剧性主题烘托得淋漓尽致。以乐写哀，双倍其哀。而模拟图的使用，却还有可以考虑、改进的地方。关于这一方面，我涉及不多，但影片中的模拟图多用水墨与朱颜，却实有一种江南园林粉墙黛瓦的感觉，不似北京胡同的厚实，更谈不上皇城的感觉了。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;不管怎么说，百花深处胡同已经掩埋在历史进步的洪流中了，剩下的，或许只有陈凯歌导演的影片《百花深处》了。百花深处静看落花翩然，推尽昔时繁华后被时光的洪流无声的卷走，恰似落花有意水无情，昔时的美好正被冷落、忘却，只留下浓得难以化开的悲怆。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<!--EndFragment-->]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/9205855.html</guid>
<subject>影视观摩</subject>
<author>bjterry</author>
<category>影视观摩</category>
<pubDate>Sun, 13 Nov 2011 22:57:26 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>《百花深处》参考材料</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/9205854.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<div class="Section0" style="layout-grid:  15.6pt none">
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1、百花深处胡同</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">百花深处</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">：</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">胡同名。北京市西城区什刹海街道辖域。东起护国寺东巷，西至新街口南大街。北侧与新太平胡同相通；南侧与护国寺西巷相通。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　明代有张氏夫妇在新街口南小巷内购买空地二三十亩，种青菜为生。后在园中辟地种植牡丹、芍药，在池中种植莲藕。当时城中士大夫等多前往游赏，故称此地为百花深处。清代花园荒废，渐成街巷，乾隆年间称花局胡同。光绪年间称百花深处胡同。民国后简称今名。1965年护国寺后庙并入。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　老舍这样描写百花深处：&ldquo;胡同是狭而长的。两旁都是用碎砖砌的墙。南墙少见日光，薄薄的长着一层绿苔，高处有隐隐的几条蜗牛爬过的银轨。往里走略觉宽敞一些，可是两旁的墙更破碎一些。&rdquo;顾城有《题百花深处》诗一首，&ldquo;百花深处好，世人皆不晓。小院半壁阴，老庙三尺草。秋风未曾忘，又将落叶扫。此处胜桃源，只是人将老。&rdquo;陈升在歌曲《北京一夜》中唱到&ldquo;不敢在午夜问路怕走到了百花深处&rdquo;。陈凯歌导演曾拍过短片《百花深处》，是《十分钟年华老去》中的一个片断，英文译作《100&nbsp;Flowers&nbsp;Hidden&nbsp;Deep&nbsp;》。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">2、&nbsp;电影短片：《百花深处》</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">15位当今世界著名的电影导演，以&ldquo;时光&rdquo;为主题，每人用10分钟时间拍摄的短片串成的合集。该片由英国Ten　Minutes　Older有&nbsp;限公司斥资上亿元人民币拍摄，串成一部150分钟的电影，旨在展示当代世界电影的最高艺术水准。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">这篇是陈凯歌的作品《百花深处》，以一个情感动人的寓言讲述了城市的变迁。　一个老北京，他的百花深处胡同早已被拆除了，他却总以为自己还住那里。于是一天，他找来了搬家公司，搬家公司知道他是疯子后，装模作样地帮他折腾屋子，还&ldquo;碎了花瓶&rdquo;。最后，在卡车里，夕阳下，这个老北京总算告别了老宅。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">3、</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">凯歌短片《百花深处》压轴年华老去</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">记者昨日获悉，今年戛纳开幕电影已经确定为英国大制作《十分钟，年华老去》，该片因其荟萃了１１位当今世界最有原创力的电影导演各自１０分钟以时间为主题的短篇而备受全球瞩目。惟一入选该片的华人导演为我国导演陈凯歌，他的短片《百花深处》被定作该片的压轴片。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">《十分钟，年华老去》由英国<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">１０分钟，年华老去</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">有限公司斥资上亿元人民币拍摄，原本邀请了１５位世界大师级导演，意在展示当代世界电影的最高艺术水准，１５位导演各拍１０分钟，串成一部１５０分钟的电影。每位导演在１０分钟内所选择的主题和题材不拘一格。他们分别是中国著名导演陈凯歌和王家卫、法国</font><font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">新浪潮</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">电影的代表人物戈达尔、美国黑人先锋导演斯派克</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">李、以《末代皇帝》一片获第６０届奥斯卡最佳导演奖的意大利名导贝尔纳多</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">贝托鲁奇、德国幻想电影导演维尔纳</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">赫若格、法国凯撒奖最佳导演贝特赫塔维涅，以及伊朗导演阿巴斯、芬兰导演阿基</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">考里斯马基、西班牙导演维克多</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">埃利斯、德国导演维姆</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">文德斯、捷克导演杰西</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">米切尔、美国导演吉姆</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">贾莫什、米克</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">费格斯和法国导演贾克</font><font face="Times New Roman">&middot;</font><font face="宋体">希维特。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">最后的完成片记者获悉，只有１１位导演的作品，原来打算的１５０分钟缩减为１１０分钟，并被分成上下两篇，陈凯歌的作品《百花深处》因深得好评而被定为上部的压轴篇。香港导演王家卫遗憾落选。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">据悉，陈凯歌想把自己的短篇命名为《Ｌｏｓｔ（迷失）》，但是英国制片人非常喜欢原先的名字《百花深处》的感觉和意境，而坚持要用《百花深处》这个片名。据说<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">百花深处</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">也是北京一处胡同的名称。而陈凯歌片中的两位男主角分别是在《吕布与貂蝉》中扮演重要角色的耿乐和冯远征。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">前两届戛纳电影节的开幕电影分别为《红磨坊》和《第五元素》。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">4、</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">花逝</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&mdash;&mdash;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">评陈凯歌</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">《</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">百花深处</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">》</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">如果每一寸净土都被钢筋泥墙所取代，那么世界将会缩成一个硬冷的城堡。如果每一个人的心里都失去了信仰的家园，那么灵魂将会流离失所。百花胡同消失了，如同在寒冬中的花朵，带着伤势，暗藏在大雪深处，而春天永不再来。逝去的不仅是百花，而是一种无奈，一种悲凉，一种对纯粹精神文化的追求与期盼。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;十分钟的时间，陈凯歌像一个经验丰富的说书人，叙述简短却不仓促。明快的节奏只是铺陈，为深意的揭示创造了一个鲜明的对比。影片随着一阵欢腾的鞭炮声拉开了帷幕，仰拍镜头下的高楼更显挺拔，北京的发展显然气势磅礴。&ldquo;给我搬家好吗？&rdquo;冯先生问。&ldquo;成，有钱就搬！&rdquo;大楼下的搬家公司答应着，随后开车带上兴高采烈的冯先生开往未知的百花胡同。而百花胡同如今已成为今日翻新的平地，冯先生只是一个神志不清的人，固执着幻想出夕日百花胡同的繁华景象。搬家公司的人首先唏嘘嘲笑着，然后为了钱而进行了另人啼笑皆非的&ldquo;搬家&rdquo;，最后的叙事速度逐渐沉静下来，用包含意味的镜头语言为我们巧妙揭开了心理情感的转变：无奈而同情地目送冯先生疯癫的身影消失在夕阳深处，虚幻之界。至此，人们的精神完成了一个有关反省的摆渡之旅。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;镜头的运用和拍摄角度颇为巧妙。在耿乐驾车走在都市街道的一组镜头里，摄象机始终是随车运动的，以冯先生的主观镜头，表达了像冯先生这样&ldquo;深居&rdquo;传统文化的人对现代物质生活的新鲜感和不稳定之感。从一开始对大楼的仰拍、连续的有关北京建筑高耸繁华的空镜头、到后来对平坦落寞&ldquo;百花胡同&rdquo;的大全景拍摄，无一不使观众的情绪跌宕，真实感受到一种因时代发展而带来的对老北京文化遗忘的残酷。这种残酷是令人痛心的。人们在迫求发展的同时，往往舍弃掉太多东西。包括一种对精神文化的呵护，也已随着城市崛起的惊涛骇浪，卷入寂静的海底。也许陈凯歌给我们提出的，是一个关于精神与物质的严肃命题。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;冯远征的表演有一种说不出道理的牵引力，发人深醒。也许是他在《不要和陌生人说话》中的表演给人留下了太深刻的印象，以至于他的举手投足间都给人以惊动之感。镜头下，他以一副病态的面孔引起人们好奇的目光，又以一种疯癫之中的执著带动起人们的同情与思索。他像个小孩子一样渴望着&ldquo;搬新家喽&rdquo;，摇着铃铛，奔跑在自己构想的胡同之中。高潮的部分在他以为花瓶被打碎之后，他的眼神陷入了一种空洞而绝望当中。茫然，失落和对这个世界的不信任。随后他的哭，是以一个疯子的表情牵动寻常人心中最隐蔽而柔软的地方。于是，搬家公司的人被打动了，观众也被这种精神氛围给循循善诱到思索的领域中，而百花胡同也在这发人深省的哭泣中再次复苏，重现繁华到荒凉的变换。到这里，我们恍然大悟，打碎的不是一个花瓶，</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; background: rgb(255,255,0); font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-highlight: rgb(255,255,0)">而是北京的胡同文化</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">，在人们的手中被把玩丢弃，脆弱的不堪一击。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;影片中的喜剧元素被运用的令人称道。开头中喜剧色彩无疑是强烈的，搬家公司对冯先生那啼笑皆非的演戏，荒诞却让人忍俊不禁。陈凯歌的聪明之处就在这里，借用一个疯子的视角，不张扬，不冗长，自由的为我们讲述了一个包含无限深意的主题。也许疯癫从某一方面来说更能接近人性的本质和单纯，人们在影片中看到，疯的人比正常人更清醒，疯的人比正常人心灵更纯净，这是一种巨大的揭露和讽刺。全片以喜开头，以悲结尾，</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; background: rgb(255,255,0); font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'; mso-highlight: rgb(255,255,0)">悲和喜的强烈冲突才能凸显影片的主题。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;影片的最后，车子在返回的路途中陷入泥坑中。冯先生在泥坑中发现了胡同里已破损不堪的铃铛。他记忆中的铃铛。他拿着这铃铛奔跑着，奔向百花深处。人们仿佛又看到了高大的庭院，繁盛的胡同文化，在一片神奇的色彩中生机盎然。只是现实依旧是夕日繁华消退，风景只是过眼云烟，转瞬即逝，只剩下冯先生颤动的身影和灵魂，消失在黯淡的余辉中。这背影，黑的像咖啡，苦的像人生。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;《百花深处》在短短的十分钟里表现了虚与实的交错、历史与现实的传承、以及对于过往细腻而繁杂的怀恋。也许现在冯先生依旧守望着百花胡同，却不知百花已逝，空剩一个孤独的灵魂而已。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">5、随谈《百花深处》&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">看到第二遍《百花深处》才理解陈凯歌。这部短片表达了一个基本的怀旧和时光流逝的主题。陈凯歌的符号设置隐蔽而又能暗中传递视听信号，影响你的情绪却不被你察觉。高手的功力就是体现在这里：他不紧不慢的给你加温，你没有觉察，结尾的时候才发觉自己内心的沸点。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">符号是重点。片中主人公出场装束本来就不是随便找了件衣服的。他头戴黄色帽子，身穿红色衣服，外面又披了一件土色外衣。我们稍加联想就会发现，紫禁城的皇宫建筑是黄色屋顶，大红的围墙。恰与男主角的服饰相似。这种相似绝不是巧合。男主角本身就被赋予了怀旧的符号。土色外衣值得玩味，它象征的是怀旧的古典的文化被现代生活的包围。此外男主角说话的娘娘腔也是引人瞩目的形象设置，娘娘腔很容易让我们想到的是封建王朝的太监，而太监也是古时曾有，如今已消失的事物。男主人公的娘娘腔提供给我们的暗示是，他仿佛是一个活在古代的人。之后他的言行也发展了这种暗示：满口京腔老北京，却认不清如今北京的道路。另一个符号是铃铛。这个符号在情节中起到证明某种古老曾经存在的作用。虽然搬家公司的人在荒地上根本没有看到任何房屋和家具，虚拟的搬家看似荒诞离奇，但是最后男主角终于还是发现一个修掉的旧铃铛，它证明了这里的曾经。男主角并没有说谎，只是时光错位，昨日若能重现，也只是幻影。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">陈凯歌能拍出《黄土地》、《霸王别姬》、《风月》还有如今的《百花深处》，也能拍出《无极》，其实并不奇怪。如果《百花深处》能赚和《无极》一样的钱，那么陈凯歌也就没有必要拍《无极》了。大多数观众不会花钱去看一部需要耗费心智去欣赏的文艺电影，他们更需要的是无需动脑的纯粹消遣，陈凯歌在《无极》中尝试迎合观众，却不料自己是太过处心积虑，为观众想的太多，观众反而因为觉得太简单太弱智了，于是认为纷纷认为自己的智商受到了极大的侮辱，当然会突然冒出如此多的批判声。幸而，我们不去研究电影市场，因为还有《百花深处》，陈凯歌仍然是一位优秀的电影导演。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">6<font face="宋体">、</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Verdana'; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-size: 11pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">坚韧的窗户纸<font face="Verdana">&mdash;&mdash;</font><font face="宋体">陈凯歌《百花深处》观后感</font></span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; color: rgb(0,0,0); font-size: 11pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">坚挺了近十分钟后，陈凯歌的才华终于在即将高潮之际一泄如注<font face="Times New Roman">&hellip;&hellip;</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　《百花深处》这个标题很容易让人想到陈升的那首《北京一夜》：<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">地安门外</font><font face="Times New Roman">&hellip;&hellip;</font><font face="宋体">百花深处</font><font face="Times New Roman">&hellip;&hellip;</font><font face="宋体">面容安详的老人，等着那出征的归人</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">。</font><font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">时光</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">还是两个作品共同的主题。所不同的是，陈凯歌的《百花深处》试图以俯视的角度审视现代化与传统殊死冲突这个国际化的命题。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　以往的陈凯歌是我尊重的导演。当同为<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">第五代</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">标志型人物的张艺谋完成了从反叛、漠视到招安的奋斗历程；当一批新锐导演迷恋于个人体验而无力自拔，年过半百的陈凯歌却没有放弃社会责任感，以反思和批判的目光打量着这个似乎变幻无常的年代。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　影片讲述这样一个故事：一个搬家公司的小头目耿乐刚刚为一个顾客搬完家，冯先生找到耿乐说自己也要搬家，于是带着耿乐一伙人找百花胡同，但当费劲周折找到百花胡同时，那里已成为一片废墟，只有一棵老槐树孤零零地留在那里。耿乐他们大呼上当，掉头离去，这时接到公司电话，电话说，这几天有一个疯子到处找人给他搬家，告诉耿乐别上他的当，上了当别忘了要钱。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　为了要钱，耿乐他们又折回来给冯先生搬家。于是冯先生就给他们讲：这是大立柜、这是鱼缸、那是花瓶儿，于是耿乐他们就搬没有实物的家，当搬一个前清的瓷瓶时，由于有人要吸烟借火，搬运工一松手瓷瓶摔碎了，冯先生哭了。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　搬好了东西，车往前开，冯先生告诉耿乐胡同前面有个沟，结果车真的陷进去了。在陷车的地方，挖出了一个铜铃铛，冯先生捡起铜铃铛高兴地跑向落日，耿乐他们蓦然回首，落日余辉中一个水墨四合院出现了。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　现代化对传统的征服带来了怎样的后果？《百花深处》描画了这样一个场景：当传统文化这个物质家园被摧毁之后，人类的精神家园也将无枝可栖。<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">冯先生</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">以变疯这种极端的方式，象征性地昭示了这一严重的后果。而那几个搬家工人像我们大多数人一样，在灾难面前表现的是可悲的冷漠和麻木。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　与绝妙的创意相比，影片的摄影平庸或是平实。但有一个镜头给我留下了印象：在汽车驶进废墟时，摄影机从一间残壁的窗户内，窗框为前景拍摄了这一画面。这个镜头不过<font face="Times New Roman">3</font><font face="宋体">秒钟，从构图上来讲没有问题，但视角却太像主观镜头，这就会影响观众沉浸剧情</font><font face="Times New Roman">&mdash;&mdash;</font><font face="宋体">在窗口窥视的不是摄影机还会是谁呢？这一点，阿巴斯在类似场景中的处理就严谨得多，他始终在避免观众意识到摄影机的存在。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　影片的音效颇为出彩。虚拟的搬家声响既有趣味性，又切合了疯子的主观视角。当不存在的<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">前清花瓶</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">被失手摔碎时，荒诞感的鼓点变成了忧伤的长音，与向前缓移的镜头相配合，直到冯先生哀伤的脸部特写出现，将影片的基调由荒诞转为沉重。当冯先生摇着铃铛跑向</font><font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">新家</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">的时候，一个动画的四合院出现了，伴随着的是风铃声、叫卖声和传统器乐的交相辉映，这些音效把观众带回了</font><font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">过去的好时光</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">，有力的烘托了影片的主题，并将影片推向了高潮。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　而就在此刻，导演<font face="Times New Roman">&mdash;&mdash;</font><font face="宋体">这部故事的上帝显现出了力不从心。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　应当说，在动画出现前，故事的讲述是出色的，每一个细节都经过了精心的设计。尽管搬家公司的电话我认为不太合常理<font face="Times New Roman">&mdash;&mdash;</font><font face="宋体">竟然让他们从疯子手里拿工钱！但这是故事的第一个情节点，没有这个情节点，故事就无法往荒诞的方向发展，对于一个十分钟的影片，凯歌尽力了。第二个情节点就自然多了，发现失落的铃铛尽管巧合，但并不算突兀，这个情节点成功地将故事引向高潮。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　总体来说，层层递进的悬念还是能吸引人看下去。陈凯歌的名字之所以能跟国际电影大师们一起排在这张<font face="Times New Roman">DVD</font><font face="宋体">的封皮上，不是没理由的。但后来的一分钟证明，真正要和大师们并肩，却是一个无比艰难的任务。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　十分钟的影片就像一部短篇小说。博尔赫斯最青睐短篇小说，因为它能构成一个完美的圆形。但实际上这个理想却很难完成。长篇需要作者超强的稳定性和持久力，短篇要求作者具备高度收放自如的驾驭能力，两者都是对创作人极高的挑战。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　显然，对于这样一个短篇，陈凯歌很清楚，他必须在十分钟里就要给观众一次完整而完美的体验。为了制造一个足够刺激的高潮，在隐身奋战了近十分钟后，这个<font face="Times New Roman">&ldquo;</font><font face="宋体">上帝</font><font face="Times New Roman">&rdquo;</font><font face="宋体">迫不及待地出马，用百花</font><font face="Times New Roman">&mdash;&mdash;</font><font face="宋体">雪花这浅白的意境动画了一个冯先生脑海中的四合院，以弥补观众的想象力，人为的强迫这个故事以及每个观众到达高潮。不幸的是，这种最后阶段的冲刺却暴露了导演驾驭这次体验的生疏和胆怯。将脑海中的四合院写实无疑是画蛇添足，用现代化的电脑动画来表现更是匪夷所思。用搬家工人的视角来想象这一变迁则透露出明显的说教意味，这大大冲淡了本来十分沉重的主题。由此一来，一部艺术电影瞬间就变成了一个平庸的公益广告。于是，我们看到的并不是一次大师的完美创作，而是一个年轻人初识人事的慌乱。</font></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　　与许多美好的人生体验一样，艺术创作从来不是单向的，而是作者与受众两者共同完成的。对艺术家而言，对受众是否具备足够的尊重严重影响到作品的质量。世界级的大师对受众的智力都给予了相当的尊敬，而中国的艺术家特别是电影创作者往往欠缺这一美德。</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">　在上世纪<font face="Times New Roman">80</font><font face="宋体">年代后，不断有中国电影获国际奖。也许最悲观的人都会觉得，中国电影的最高水准离国际级大师仅隔一张窗户纸。但那个四合院却告诉大家，那张古老而陈旧的窗户纸是多么的坚韧，坚韧到令人有些丧气和绝望</font><font face="Times New Roman">&hellip;&hellip;</font></span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">7</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">、评陈凯歌《百花深处》</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">还好，汽车有个照后镜，有时候可以让我们回头看看。看看过去，看看模糊的人影和记忆。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">把时间的概念和感叹转化成影象，「对比」是最简便，也最有力的表现手法。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">于是，陈凯歌拍摄「百花深处」时，场景就选在旧房子一栋栋拆，大兴土木迎向大未来的北京市，人物则是汲汲营营帮人们圆新房子梦的搬家公司工人。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">新马路一条条出来，北京变了，新北京骄傲地炫耀着他们的新路标，老北京则是焦燥于对记忆的徨惑和失落，男主角手摸着头，懊恼地说：「怎么都不认得了呢？</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">是啊，我们都习惯以记忆傲人，有的人提起往事可以如数家珍，有的人对于人情掌故可以细说从头，记忆是我们在人情社会里很重要的谈话本钱，有一天，原本熟悉的一切却都不认得的时候，那是多大的失落？这是陈凯歌的第一层「对比」。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">接下来，搬家工人火了，叫什么「百花深处」？别再用这种美丽的名词来唬弄人了，光秃秃的一片黄土地，只剩一棵老榕树，这也叫「百花深处」？不是老板要求收钱，他们早就撤了，为了钱，大伙人只好回头演戏，你说搬就搬吧，就沿着你说的四合院一路迄逦走去，搬花瓶的搬花瓶，搬家当的搬家当，资本主义下的人生不都是一切为钱服务，一切为钱看吗？人生的虚与实，就是陈凯歌的第二层「对比」，更让我们看到了当下生活的本质。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">音乐在搬家过程中开始扮演起模拟的嘲讽效果，弦乐声急就是行云流水上戏喽，锣鼓敲响就是跌跌撞撞，走路要小心，幌当一声，瓶破了，人哭了，音乐停了，人生还有比碎裂，不能再愈合的宝贝更教人心疼的事吗？原来，假戏真做，也可能有会想象不到的灾难吗？陈凯歌的第三层「对比」到了这里卖了个小关子，看到大男人哭哭啼啼，如丧拷贝的模样，大家都泄了气，戏也甭演了，钱也别收了，赶快回家吧。那么，戏该怎么收场呢？</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">真正的对比在此刻出现了，男主角提醒大家要小心，前面有个沟，司机不信，前面的路看起来多平坦，那有这回事？不信邪，往前冲，轮胎果真就陷进沟里，动弹不得了，男主角匆匆下车，在沟缝里找到了他们庭廊前悬挂的风铃，司机蓦然回首，原来「百花深处」确有其处，只是当下的人看不见了，一切都踩埋在黄士地下，一切都只活在老哥儿们的记忆里，电脑绘图试图浮现当年百花深处的盛世容颜，却也只有依稀仿佛的轮廓和色块了。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">时间是什么？工人们站在百花深处故居，回头凝眸的那一刻，影片戛然而止，诗人诗心，一切都不必讲白的，留下余韵让人咀嚼，才是功力。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">这不才是我在</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1985</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">年所认识的陈凯歌吗？走出电影院，我依稀看见昔日老友两鬓尚未飘白的神采。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 21pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">百花深处看花落&mdash;&mdash;浅析电影《百花深处》&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在已逝的老北京城里，有一个叫做百花深处的胡同；在曾经纯朴如斯的人类灵魂深处，有一个美丽的百花园。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;都说艺术的最高目的是改造人类的灵魂，随着作品的跌宕起伏，观众的灵魂与此同时也得当了一次洗礼、一次净化。这，大概就是所谓艺术对人类的终极关怀。这样说来，在由陈凯歌导演的十分钟短片《百花深处》中，虽不能看到人物经理灵魂极限运动的过程，却一样可以感觉到创作者的苦心，给观众在过渡现代化文明下变得日渐麻木日渐冰冷的心灵，带来一次洗礼，甚至是一次灵魂的考问。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;作为主人公贯穿始终的冯先生不是一个独立的角色个体，借助影片，冯先生实际上表现的是当今中国、甚至世界中的一类人。换句话说，冯先生，既有独立的人物形象，也代表这一类人。他没有在现代化文明变迁的波折中胜出；他不是一个理想人格的拥有者，用嘴执白的话来说，他在这次波这种成为一个失败者、他没挨过这道坎，他，疯了。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;这样看来，《百花深处》的主人公即为一个疯子。一个没有正常逻辑思维的疯子，可以做一切没有逻辑的事情而显得毫不突兀。既然这样，冯先生的故事还有事么可看的呢？&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;而事实却恰恰并非如此，冯先生的许多行为和戏剧动作，在疯子的幌子下看似荒唐无稽，却表现这对已逝的生存环境以及文化的一种留恋。由于角色的特殊，冯先生可以身着T恤牛仔裤戴上一顶红色遮阳帽，但言谈举止，甚至一个手势，却都透露着与衣着、乃至与现代生活不相符的复古气息。仿佛一个来自明国时代的老太爷，一个一不小心从坟墓中爬出来的活僵尸。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;故事，是从搬家开始的，冯先生揽下了搬家公司的卡车，叨念着要去一个叫做&ldquo;百花深处&rdquo;，实际上早已不存在的胡同搬家。不知情的搬运工人在冯先生的&ldquo;唬弄&rdquo;下来到了已是一片废墟的百花深处旧址，大为恼火的搬运工人却因要收回&ldquo;出车费&rdquo;而上上演了一场无实物搬运家什的闹剧。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在出车至搬运的过程中，影片运用了许多对比的手法。如出车途中冯先生对建设后充满现代化气息、代表着新北京的高架、扩宽的新马路满是陌生和疑惑，而当搬运车渐行渐远，来到拆迁区、来到荒芜的胡同时，冯先生却对周围的一切愈加熟悉起来。面对已成昔日之景的废墟，他的话越来越多、精神越来越亢奋，表情也越来越激动，对根本不存在的景致一一如数家珍。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;还有无实物搬运时搬运工人的迷茫、逗笑，与冯先生的认真、执著形成对比。以及其背后表达出的旧文化的矜持、规范与新文化的实用、时尚之间价值观的对比、差异。而讽刺的却是：旧文化的代表，在这里确有一个饱受现代文明迫害而发疯的疯子进行代言。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;果然，除去多次出现，往往具有多重意味的复杂、庞大的对比结构外，讽刺也是《百花深处》中反复出现的手法。从某些方面来讲，讽刺甚至就是《百花深处》的主题之一。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在一次提及那段令人印象深刻的无实物表演。这些家什，搬运工人们看不到、摸不着，只能装模作样故作卖力，颇有些《皇帝的新装》的感觉；这些家什，观众也看不到，却可以从冯先生在乎、谨慎、充满疼惜的眼神中感受到这些紫檀木的案几、古瓷的花瓶，仿佛真的存在。这时，便有一种被狠狠甩了一巴掌的感觉，这些古老的、曾经那么真实的存在过的东西，却在时代的变迁中、文化的变革中渐渐逝去，成了只有疯子才能看到的昨日黄花。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在搬运的过程中，唯一可见的家什，就是一只古瓷花瓶，却也是在摔碎之后。这样的讽刺似乎还有几许沉重，感觉正在被质问：所有的传统文化是否已如同这只花瓶一样碎裂无法修补？亦或是发问是否只有当传统文化已然被破坏时，才会被关注、才会被人看到？&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;而影片中另一个让人印象深刻的讽刺，莫过于几个搬运工人对冯先生魂牵梦萦的百花深处胡同表现出的陌生。作为体力工作者的搬运工人，或许可以对许多文化内涵感到陌生。而事实上，作为在北京土生土长的胡同串儿，他们，未来北京建设的主力军，正对哺育自己成长的土地感到陌生、疏远，就必将成为一个没有历史、没有过去、没有根基的群体，显得那样浮躁和浅薄。今天丢失了历史；历史失去了继承，这样的思考，还不足以拷问灵魂吗？&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;现在，让我们再次把注意力放回影片的主人公&mdash;&mdash;冯先生的身上。他是一个极端的人物，本身就是一个矛盾体。现代化文明给我们的生活、学习带来许多受益，如提高了效率、缩短了距离等等等等，在此无需喜酒。而物极必反，过度的现代文明也给人带来了弊端，在本片中，这一点无疑是弊大于利的。冯先生，就是过渡现代文明的典型受害者。刚才也提及过，《百花深处》的主题之一就是讽刺，因此作为疯子的冯先生同时又是现代过渡文明的嘲弄者。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;这不由让人想到鲁迅笔下的狂人了，有这样一个极端人物出现时，必是一个民族面临一定危难的时候。如果说狂人的出现是因为革命失败、外敌压境、华夏儿女处于水深火热之中的话，疯子冯先生的横空出世，则不能不说是因为我们的传统文明正面临着一次冲击且愈发薄弱，被过度现代文明不断侵害而支离破碎，成为梦里、或疯子眼中才能看到的断垣残壁。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;写文章是我们会说笔是为心服务的，同样，一部影片也表达着创作者的立场。现在，我们可以肯定的是《百花深处》绝非一部零智慧的闹剧，它带给人思考、发人深省，尤其深刻的思想性，但又不同于一般或传统意义上的正剧。这，就与创作者的立场有关了。创作者站在其后现代主义的立场上，借疯子之口，痛诉了其对现代科学、现代文明弊病的反叛。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;诚然，金无赤足，《百花深处》拥有其不可抹煞的闪光优点的同时，也有一些还需斟酌的部分。就如卡车驶离百花深处胡同时出现的模拟建筑图那一场景，音乐配得极好，古韵悠悠，似乎还有一些喜乐的色彩，却把影片调侃表象下沉重的悲剧性主题烘托得淋漓尽致。以乐写哀，双倍其哀。而模拟图的使用，却还有可以考虑、改进的地方。关于这一方面，我涉及不多，但影片中的模拟图多用水墨与朱颜，却实有一种江南园林粉墙黛瓦的感觉，不似北京胡同的厚实，更谈不上皇城的感觉了。&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;不管怎么说，百花深处胡同已经掩埋在历史进步的洪流中了，剩下的，或许只有陈凯歌导演的影片《百花深处》了。百花深处静看落花翩然，推尽昔时繁华后被时光的洪流无声的卷走，恰似落花有意水无情，昔时的美好正被冷落、忘却，只留下浓得难以化开的悲怆。</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 12pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<!--EndFragment-->]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/9205854.html</guid>
<subject>影视观摩</subject>
<author>bjterry</author>
<category>影视观摩</category>
<pubDate>Sun, 13 Nov 2011 22:57:21 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>Nanook of the North </title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/9205849.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<div class="Section0" style="layout-grid:  15.6pt none">
<p class="p0" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Nanook&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;North</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 14pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 3.15pt; padding-top: 0.75pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed">
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td valign="middle" width="320" colspan="2" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 240pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign="middle" width="121" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 90.85pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Directed&nbsp;by</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td valign="middle" width="198" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 149.15pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Robert&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Flaherty</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign="middle" width="121" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 90.85pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Produced&nbsp;by</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td valign="middle" width="198" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 149.15pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Robert&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Flaherty</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign="middle" width="121" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 90.85pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Written&nbsp;by</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td valign="middle" width="198" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 149.15pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Robert&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Flaherty</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign="middle" width="121" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 90.85pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Starring</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td valign="middle" width="198" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 149.15pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Allakariallak&nbsp;(Nanook)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><br />
            </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Nyla</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><br />
            </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Cunayou</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign="middle" width="121" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 90.85pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Music&nbsp;by</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td valign="middle" width="198" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 149.15pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Stanley&nbsp;Silverman</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign="middle" width="121" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 90.85pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Cinematography</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td valign="middle" width="198" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 149.15pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Robert&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Flaherty</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign="middle" width="121" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 90.85pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Release&nbsp;date(s)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td valign="middle" width="198" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 149.15pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">United&nbsp;States&nbsp;June&nbsp;11,&nbsp;1922</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign="middle" width="121" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 90.85pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Running&nbsp;time</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td valign="middle" width="198" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 149.15pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">79&nbsp;min.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign="middle" width="121" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 90.85pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Country</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td valign="middle" width="198" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 149.15pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">United&nbsp;States</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign="middle" width="121" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 90.85pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Language</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td valign="middle" width="198" style="padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0.75pt; width: 149.15pt; padding-right: 0.75pt; padding-top: 0.75pt">
            <p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Silent&nbsp;film</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><br />
            </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">English&nbsp;intertitles</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Nanook&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;North&nbsp;(</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1922</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;silent&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">documentary&nbsp;film</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;by&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Robert&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Flaherty</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">.&nbsp;In&nbsp;the&nbsp;tradition&nbsp;of&nbsp;what&nbsp;would&nbsp;later&nbsp;be&nbsp;called&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">salvage&nbsp;ethnography</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;captured&nbsp;the&nbsp;struggles&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Inuit</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;Nanook&nbsp;and&nbsp;his&nbsp;family&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Canadian</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">arctic</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">.&nbsp;The&nbsp;film&nbsp;is&nbsp;considered&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;feature-length&nbsp;documentary,&nbsp;though&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;has&nbsp;been&nbsp;criticized&nbsp;for&nbsp;staging&nbsp;several&nbsp;sequences&nbsp;and&nbsp;thereby&nbsp;distorting&nbsp;the&nbsp;reality&nbsp;of&nbsp;his&nbsp;subjects'&nbsp;lives.</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">[1]</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">In&nbsp;1989,&nbsp;this&nbsp;film&nbsp;was&nbsp;one&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;25&nbsp;films&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;selected&nbsp;for&nbsp;preservation&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;United&nbsp;States&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">National&nbsp;Film&nbsp;Registry</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Library&nbsp;of&nbsp;Congress</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;as&nbsp;being&nbsp;&quot;culturally,&nbsp;historically,&nbsp;or&nbsp;aesthetically&nbsp;significant&quot;.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">The&nbsp;film&nbsp;was&nbsp;shot&nbsp;near&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Inukjuak</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;on&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Hudson&nbsp;Bay</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;in&nbsp;Arctic&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Quebec</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;Canada.&nbsp;Having&nbsp;worked&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;prospector&nbsp;and&nbsp;explorer&nbsp;in&nbsp;Arctic&nbsp;Canada&nbsp;among&nbsp;the&nbsp;Inuit,&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;was&nbsp;familiar&nbsp;with&nbsp;his&nbsp;subjects&nbsp;and&nbsp;set&nbsp;out&nbsp;to&nbsp;document&nbsp;their&nbsp;lifestyle.&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;had&nbsp;shot&nbsp;film&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;region&nbsp;prior&nbsp;to&nbsp;this&nbsp;period,&nbsp;but&nbsp;that&nbsp;footage&nbsp;was&nbsp;destroyed&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;fire&nbsp;started&nbsp;when&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;dropped&nbsp;a&nbsp;cigarette&nbsp;onto&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">original&nbsp;camera&nbsp;negative</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(which&nbsp;was&nbsp;highly&nbsp;flammable&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">nitrate</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;stock).&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;therefore&nbsp;made&nbsp;Nanook&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;North&nbsp;in&nbsp;its&nbsp;place.&nbsp;Funded&nbsp;by&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">French</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;fur&nbsp;company&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Revillon&nbsp;Freres</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;the&nbsp;film&nbsp;was&nbsp;shot&nbsp;from&nbsp;August&nbsp;1920&nbsp;to&nbsp;August&nbsp;1921.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">As&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;nonfiction&nbsp;work&nbsp;of&nbsp;its&nbsp;scale,&nbsp;Nanook&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;North&nbsp;was&nbsp;ground-breaking&nbsp;cinema.&nbsp;It&nbsp;captured&nbsp;an&nbsp;exotic&nbsp;culture&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;distant&nbsp;location,&nbsp;rather&nbsp;than&nbsp;a&nbsp;facsimile&nbsp;of&nbsp;reality&nbsp;using&nbsp;actors&nbsp;and&nbsp;props&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;studio&nbsp;set.&nbsp;Traditional&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;methods&nbsp;of&nbsp;hunting,&nbsp;fishing,&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">igloo</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">-building,&nbsp;and&nbsp;other&nbsp;customs&nbsp;were&nbsp;shown&nbsp;with&nbsp;accuracy,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;compelling&nbsp;story&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;man&nbsp;and&nbsp;his&nbsp;family&nbsp;struggling&nbsp;against&nbsp;nature&nbsp;met&nbsp;with&nbsp;great&nbsp;success&nbsp;in&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">North&nbsp;America</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;and&nbsp;abroad.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;Criticism</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Flaherty&nbsp;has&nbsp;been&nbsp;criticized&nbsp;for&nbsp;deceptively&nbsp;portraying&nbsp;staged&nbsp;events&nbsp;as&nbsp;reality.&nbsp;Much&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;action&nbsp;was&nbsp;staged&nbsp;and&nbsp;gives&nbsp;an&nbsp;inaccurate&nbsp;view&nbsp;of&nbsp;real&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;life&nbsp;during&nbsp;the&nbsp;early&nbsp;20th&nbsp;century.&nbsp;&quot;Nanook&quot;&nbsp;was&nbsp;in&nbsp;fact&nbsp;named&nbsp;Allakariallak,&nbsp;for&nbsp;instance,&nbsp;while&nbsp;the&nbsp;&quot;wife&quot;&nbsp;shown&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;film&nbsp;was&nbsp;not&nbsp;really&nbsp;his&nbsp;wife.&nbsp;And&nbsp;although&nbsp;Allakariallak&nbsp;normally&nbsp;used&nbsp;a&nbsp;gun&nbsp;when&nbsp;hunting,&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;encouraged&nbsp;him&nbsp;to&nbsp;hunt&nbsp;after&nbsp;the&nbsp;fashion&nbsp;of&nbsp;his&nbsp;ancestors&nbsp;in&nbsp;order&nbsp;to&nbsp;capture&nbsp;what&nbsp;was&nbsp;believed&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;the&nbsp;way&nbsp;the&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;lived&nbsp;before&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">European&nbsp;influence</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">.&nbsp;The&nbsp;ending,&nbsp;in&nbsp;which&nbsp;Nanook&nbsp;and&nbsp;his&nbsp;family&nbsp;are&nbsp;supposedly&nbsp;in&nbsp;peril&nbsp;of&nbsp;dying&nbsp;if&nbsp;they&nbsp;can't&nbsp;find&nbsp;shelter&nbsp;quickly&nbsp;enough,&nbsp;was&nbsp;implausible,&nbsp;given&nbsp;the&nbsp;reality&nbsp;of&nbsp;nearby&nbsp;French-Canadian&nbsp;and&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;settlements&nbsp;during&nbsp;filming.&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;also&nbsp;exaggerated&nbsp;the&nbsp;peril&nbsp;to&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;hunters&nbsp;with&nbsp;his&nbsp;claim,&nbsp;often&nbsp;repeated,&nbsp;that&nbsp;Allakariallak&nbsp;had&nbsp;died&nbsp;of&nbsp;starvation&nbsp;two&nbsp;years&nbsp;after&nbsp;the&nbsp;film&nbsp;was&nbsp;completed,&nbsp;whereas&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;now&nbsp;known&nbsp;that&nbsp;he&nbsp;more&nbsp;likely&nbsp;died&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">tuberculosis</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">.</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">[2]</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;On&nbsp;the&nbsp;other&nbsp;hand,&nbsp;while&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;made&nbsp;his&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;actors&nbsp;use&nbsp;spears&nbsp;instead&nbsp;of&nbsp;guns&nbsp;during&nbsp;the&nbsp;walrus&nbsp;and&nbsp;seal&nbsp;hunts,&nbsp;the&nbsp;hunting&nbsp;actually&nbsp;involved&nbsp;wild&nbsp;animals.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Flaherty&nbsp;defended&nbsp;his&nbsp;work&nbsp;by&nbsp;stating&nbsp;that&nbsp;a&nbsp;filmmaker&nbsp;must&nbsp;often&nbsp;distort&nbsp;a&nbsp;thing&nbsp;to&nbsp;catch&nbsp;its&nbsp;true&nbsp;spirit.&nbsp;Later&nbsp;filmmakers&nbsp;have&nbsp;pointed&nbsp;out&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;only&nbsp;cameras&nbsp;available&nbsp;to&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;time&nbsp;were&nbsp;both&nbsp;large&nbsp;and&nbsp;immobile,&nbsp;making&nbsp;it&nbsp;impossible&nbsp;to&nbsp;effectively&nbsp;capture&nbsp;most&nbsp;interior&nbsp;shots&nbsp;or&nbsp;unstructured&nbsp;exterior&nbsp;scenes&nbsp;without&nbsp;significantly&nbsp;modifying&nbsp;the&nbsp;environment&nbsp;and&nbsp;subject&nbsp;action.&nbsp;For&nbsp;example,&nbsp;the&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;crew&nbsp;had&nbsp;to&nbsp;build&nbsp;a&nbsp;special&nbsp;three-walled&nbsp;igloo&nbsp;for&nbsp;Flaherty's&nbsp;bulky&nbsp;camera&nbsp;so&nbsp;that&nbsp;there&nbsp;would&nbsp;be&nbsp;enough&nbsp;light&nbsp;for&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;capture&nbsp;interior&nbsp;shots.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">At&nbsp;the&nbsp;time,&nbsp;few&nbsp;documentaries&nbsp;had&nbsp;been&nbsp;filmed&nbsp;and&nbsp;there&nbsp;was&nbsp;little&nbsp;precedent&nbsp;to&nbsp;guide&nbsp;Flaherty's&nbsp;work.&nbsp;Since&nbsp;Flaherty's&nbsp;time&nbsp;both&nbsp;staging&nbsp;action&nbsp;and&nbsp;attempting&nbsp;to&nbsp;steer&nbsp;documentary&nbsp;action&nbsp;have&nbsp;come&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;considered&nbsp;unethical&nbsp;amongst&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">cin&eacute;ma&nbsp;v&eacute;rit&eacute;</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;purists,&nbsp;because&nbsp;they&nbsp;believe&nbsp;such&nbsp;reenactments&nbsp;deceive&nbsp;the&nbsp;audience.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;Other&nbsp;works</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: '宋体'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">The&nbsp;story&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;film&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;people&nbsp;it&nbsp;was&nbsp;made&nbsp;among&nbsp;is&nbsp;told&nbsp;in&nbsp;The&nbsp;Long&nbsp;Exile:&nbsp;A&nbsp;True&nbsp;Story&nbsp;of&nbsp;Deception&nbsp;and&nbsp;Survival&nbsp;Amongst&nbsp;the&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Canadian&nbsp;Arctic,&nbsp;by&nbsp;Melanie&nbsp;McGrath.</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">[3]</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">[4]</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">[5]</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(See&nbsp;also&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">High&nbsp;Arctic&nbsp;relocation</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">.)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Kabloonak</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;1995&nbsp;film&nbsp;about&nbsp;the&nbsp;making&nbsp;of&nbsp;Nanook&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;North.&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Charles&nbsp;Dance</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;plays&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><span><span class="15" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0,0,255); font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: underline; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Adamie&nbsp;Quasiak&nbsp;Inukpuk</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(a&nbsp;relative&nbsp;of&nbsp;Nanook)&nbsp;plays&nbsp;Nanook.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<!--EndFragment-->]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/9205849.html</guid>
<subject>影视观摩</subject>
<author>bjterry</author>
<category>影视观摩</category>
<pubDate>Sun, 13 Nov 2011 22:54:54 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>Flaherty, Robert</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/9205842.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<div class="Section0" style="layout-grid:  15.6pt none">
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">born&nbsp;Feb.&nbsp;16,&nbsp;1884,&nbsp;Iron&nbsp;Mountain,&nbsp;Mich.,&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">died&nbsp;July&nbsp;23,&nbsp;1951,&nbsp;Dummerston,&nbsp;Vt.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">U.S.&nbsp;explorer&nbsp;and&nbsp;filmmaker,&nbsp;called&nbsp;the&nbsp;father&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;documentary&nbsp;film.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">When&nbsp;he&nbsp;was&nbsp;a&nbsp;boy,&nbsp;Flaherty's&nbsp;family&nbsp;moved&nbsp;to&nbsp;Canada,&nbsp;and&nbsp;as&nbsp;he&nbsp;grew&nbsp;up&nbsp;he&nbsp;explored&nbsp;and&nbsp;photographed&nbsp;vast&nbsp;regions&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;country's&nbsp;northern&nbsp;territory.&nbsp;His&nbsp;first&nbsp;film,&nbsp;Nanook&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;North&nbsp;(1922),&nbsp;a&nbsp;dramatic&nbsp;interpretation&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Eskimo&nbsp;way&nbsp;of&nbsp;life,&nbsp;was&nbsp;based&nbsp;on&nbsp;16&nbsp;months&nbsp;of&nbsp;living&nbsp;with&nbsp;them&nbsp;and&nbsp;filming&nbsp;their&nbsp;lives.&nbsp;His&nbsp;film&nbsp;was&nbsp;an&nbsp;international&nbsp;success,&nbsp;and&nbsp;its&nbsp;subjective&nbsp;presentation&nbsp;of&nbsp;reality&nbsp;set&nbsp;a&nbsp;model&nbsp;of&nbsp;excellence&nbsp;for&nbsp;nonfiction&nbsp;filmmaking,&nbsp;foreshadowing&nbsp;the&nbsp;documentary&nbsp;movement&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;1930s.&nbsp;&nbsp;John&nbsp;Grierson,&nbsp;the&nbsp;founder&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;movement,&nbsp;first&nbsp;used&nbsp;the&nbsp;term&nbsp;documentary&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;reference&nbsp;to&nbsp;Flaherty's&nbsp;film,&nbsp;Moana&nbsp;(1926),&nbsp;set&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;South&nbsp;Seas,&nbsp;a&nbsp;record&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;people&nbsp;untouched&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;corruption&nbsp;of&nbsp;civilization.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">In&nbsp;the&nbsp;1930s&nbsp;and&nbsp;'40s&nbsp;Flaherty's&nbsp;most&nbsp;famous&nbsp;films&nbsp;were&nbsp;Tabu&nbsp;(1931),&nbsp;codirected&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;German&nbsp;director&nbsp;F.W.&nbsp;Murnau,&nbsp;Industrial&nbsp;Britain&nbsp;(1932),&nbsp;made&nbsp;with&nbsp;John&nbsp;Grierson,&nbsp;Man&nbsp;of&nbsp;Aran&nbsp;(1934),&nbsp;The&nbsp;Land&nbsp;(1942),&nbsp;and&nbsp;Louisiana&nbsp;Story&nbsp;(1948).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Robert&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Flaherty</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Robert&nbsp;Joseph&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;(16&nbsp;February&nbsp;1884,&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Iron&nbsp;Mountain,&nbsp;Michigan</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;-&nbsp;23&nbsp;July&nbsp;1951,&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Dummerston,&nbsp;Vermont</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)&nbsp;was&nbsp;an&nbsp;American&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">filmmaker</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;who&nbsp;directed&nbsp;and&nbsp;produced&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;commercially&nbsp;successful&nbsp;feature&nbsp;length&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">documentary&nbsp;film</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;in&nbsp;1922.&nbsp;This&nbsp;film,&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Nanook&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;North</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;made&nbsp;his&nbsp;reputation,&nbsp;and&nbsp;nothing&nbsp;in&nbsp;his&nbsp;later&nbsp;life&nbsp;equalled&nbsp;its&nbsp;success,&nbsp;although&nbsp;he&nbsp;continued&nbsp;the&nbsp;development&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;new&nbsp;genre&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">docufiction</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;eg.&nbsp;with&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Moana</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;set&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">South&nbsp;Seas</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;in&nbsp;1926.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Flaherty&nbsp;was&nbsp;married&nbsp;to&nbsp;writer&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Frances&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Flaherty</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;from&nbsp;1914&nbsp;until&nbsp;his&nbsp;death&nbsp;in&nbsp;1951.&nbsp;Frances&nbsp;worked&nbsp;on&nbsp;several&nbsp;of&nbsp;her&nbsp;husband's&nbsp;films,&nbsp;and&nbsp;received&nbsp;an&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Academy&nbsp;Award</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;nomination&nbsp;for&nbsp;Best&nbsp;Original&nbsp;Story&nbsp;for&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Louisiana&nbsp;Story</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(1948).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Flaherty&nbsp;was&nbsp;one&nbsp;of&nbsp;seven&nbsp;children&nbsp;born&nbsp;to&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">prospector</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;Robert&nbsp;Henry&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;(an&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Irish</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Protestant</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)&nbsp;and&nbsp;Susan&nbsp;Klockner&nbsp;(a&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">German</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Roman&nbsp;Catholic</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">);&nbsp;he&nbsp;was&nbsp;sent&nbsp;to&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Upper&nbsp;Canada&nbsp;College</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;in&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Toronto</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;for&nbsp;his&nbsp;education.&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;began&nbsp;his&nbsp;career&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;prospector&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Hudson&nbsp;Bay</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;region&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Canada</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;working&nbsp;for&nbsp;a&nbsp;railroad&nbsp;company.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;Nanook&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;North</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">In&nbsp;1913,&nbsp;on&nbsp;his&nbsp;third&nbsp;expedition&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;area,&nbsp;his&nbsp;boss,&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Sir&nbsp;William&nbsp;Mackenzie</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;suggested&nbsp;that&nbsp;he&nbsp;take&nbsp;a&nbsp;motion&nbsp;picture&nbsp;camera&nbsp;along&nbsp;so&nbsp;that&nbsp;he&nbsp;could&nbsp;record&nbsp;the&nbsp;unfamiliar&nbsp;wildlife&nbsp;and&nbsp;people&nbsp;he&nbsp;encountered.&nbsp;He&nbsp;was&nbsp;particularly&nbsp;intrigued&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;life&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Inuit</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;people,&nbsp;and&nbsp;spent&nbsp;so&nbsp;much&nbsp;time&nbsp;filming&nbsp;them&nbsp;that&nbsp;he&nbsp;had&nbsp;begun&nbsp;to&nbsp;neglect&nbsp;his&nbsp;real&nbsp;work.&nbsp;On&nbsp;the&nbsp;other&nbsp;hand,&nbsp;he&nbsp;received&nbsp;an&nbsp;avid&nbsp;response&nbsp;from&nbsp;anyone&nbsp;who&nbsp;saw&nbsp;the&nbsp;footage&nbsp;he&nbsp;shot.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">To&nbsp;make&nbsp;the&nbsp;film,&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;lived&nbsp;with&nbsp;an&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;man,&nbsp;Allakariallak,&nbsp;and&nbsp;his&nbsp;family&nbsp;for&nbsp;some&nbsp;time&nbsp;before&nbsp;beginning&nbsp;filming.&nbsp;On&nbsp;his&nbsp;return&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;South,&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">silver&nbsp;nitrate</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;film&nbsp;was&nbsp;destroyed&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;fire&nbsp;started&nbsp;from&nbsp;his&nbsp;cigarette;&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;returned&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;community,&nbsp;lived&nbsp;another&nbsp;year&nbsp;there,&nbsp;and&nbsp;reshot&nbsp;the&nbsp;film.&nbsp;He&nbsp;later&nbsp;claimed&nbsp;that&nbsp;this&nbsp;was&nbsp;to&nbsp;his&nbsp;advantage,&nbsp;since&nbsp;he&nbsp;was&nbsp;unhappy&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;original&nbsp;footage.&nbsp;According&nbsp;to&nbsp;him,&nbsp;it&nbsp;was&nbsp;too&nbsp;much&nbsp;like&nbsp;a&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">travelogue</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;and&nbsp;lacked&nbsp;a&nbsp;cohesive&nbsp;plot.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">For&nbsp;the&nbsp;new&nbsp;film,&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;staged&nbsp;almost&nbsp;everything,&nbsp;including&nbsp;the&nbsp;ending,&nbsp;where&nbsp;Allakariallak&nbsp;(who&nbsp;acts&nbsp;the&nbsp;part&nbsp;of&nbsp;Nanook)&nbsp;and&nbsp;his&nbsp;screen&nbsp;family&nbsp;are&nbsp;supposedly&nbsp;at&nbsp;risk&nbsp;of&nbsp;dying&nbsp;if&nbsp;they&nbsp;could&nbsp;not&nbsp;find&nbsp;or&nbsp;build&nbsp;shelter&nbsp;quickly&nbsp;enough.&nbsp;The&nbsp;half-igloo&nbsp;had&nbsp;been&nbsp;built&nbsp;beforehand,&nbsp;with&nbsp;a&nbsp;side&nbsp;cut&nbsp;away&nbsp;for&nbsp;light&nbsp;so&nbsp;that&nbsp;Flaherty's&nbsp;camera&nbsp;could&nbsp;get&nbsp;a&nbsp;good&nbsp;shot.&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;also&nbsp;insisted&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;not&nbsp;use&nbsp;rifles&nbsp;to&nbsp;hunt,&nbsp;though&nbsp;they&nbsp;had&nbsp;become&nbsp;common,&nbsp;and&nbsp;pretended&nbsp;at&nbsp;one&nbsp;point&nbsp;that&nbsp;he&nbsp;could&nbsp;not&nbsp;hear&nbsp;the&nbsp;hunters'&nbsp;pleas&nbsp;for&nbsp;help,&nbsp;instead&nbsp;continuing&nbsp;filming&nbsp;their&nbsp;struggle&nbsp;and&nbsp;putting&nbsp;them&nbsp;in&nbsp;greater&nbsp;danger</span>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;Further&nbsp;film&nbsp;career</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Nanook&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;North</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1922</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)&nbsp;was&nbsp;a&nbsp;successful&nbsp;film,&nbsp;and&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;was&nbsp;in&nbsp;great&nbsp;demand&nbsp;afterwards.&nbsp;On&nbsp;a&nbsp;contract&nbsp;with&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Paramount</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;to&nbsp;produce&nbsp;another&nbsp;film&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;order&nbsp;of&nbsp;Nanook,&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;went&nbsp;to&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Samoa</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;to&nbsp;film&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Moana</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1926</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">).&nbsp;The&nbsp;studio&nbsp;heads&nbsp;repeatedly&nbsp;asked&nbsp;for&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">daily&nbsp;rushes</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;but&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;had&nbsp;nothing&nbsp;to&nbsp;show&nbsp;because&nbsp;he&nbsp;had&nbsp;not&nbsp;filmed&nbsp;anything&nbsp;yet&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;his&nbsp;method&nbsp;was&nbsp;to&nbsp;live&nbsp;with&nbsp;his&nbsp;subjects&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">participant-observer</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;becoming&nbsp;familiar&nbsp;with&nbsp;their&nbsp;way&nbsp;of&nbsp;life&nbsp;before&nbsp;building&nbsp;a&nbsp;story&nbsp;around&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;film.&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;was&nbsp;also&nbsp;concerned&nbsp;that&nbsp;there&nbsp;was&nbsp;no&nbsp;inherent&nbsp;conflict&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;islanders'&nbsp;way&nbsp;of&nbsp;life,&nbsp;providing&nbsp;further&nbsp;incentive&nbsp;not&nbsp;to&nbsp;shoot&nbsp;anything.&nbsp;Eventually&nbsp;he&nbsp;decided&nbsp;to&nbsp;build&nbsp;the&nbsp;film&nbsp;around&nbsp;the&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">ritual&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;boy's&nbsp;entry&nbsp;to&nbsp;manhood</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">.&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;was&nbsp;in&nbsp;Samoa&nbsp;from&nbsp;April&nbsp;1923&nbsp;until&nbsp;December&nbsp;1924,&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;film&nbsp;completed&nbsp;in&nbsp;December&nbsp;1925&nbsp;and&nbsp;released&nbsp;the&nbsp;following&nbsp;month.&nbsp;The&nbsp;film,&nbsp;on&nbsp;its&nbsp;release,&nbsp;was&nbsp;not&nbsp;as&nbsp;successful&nbsp;as&nbsp;Nanook&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;North.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Louisiana&nbsp;Story</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">1948</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">)&nbsp;was&nbsp;another&nbsp;heavily&nbsp;fictionalized&nbsp;&quot;documentary,&quot;&nbsp;this&nbsp;one&nbsp;about&nbsp;the&nbsp;installation&nbsp;of&nbsp;an&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">oil&nbsp;rig</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Louisiana</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;swamp.&nbsp;The&nbsp;film&nbsp;stresses&nbsp;the&nbsp;oil&nbsp;rig's&nbsp;peaceful&nbsp;and&nbsp;unproblematic&nbsp;coexistence&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;surrounding&nbsp;environment,&nbsp;and&nbsp;was&nbsp;in&nbsp;fact&nbsp;funded&nbsp;by&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Standard&nbsp;Oil</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;a&nbsp;petroleum&nbsp;company.&nbsp;The&nbsp;main&nbsp;character&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;film&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Cajun</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;boy.&nbsp;The&nbsp;poetry&nbsp;of&nbsp;childhood&nbsp;and&nbsp;nature,&nbsp;some&nbsp;critics&nbsp;would&nbsp;argue,&nbsp;is&nbsp;used&nbsp;to&nbsp;make&nbsp;the&nbsp;exploitation&nbsp;of&nbsp;men&nbsp;and&nbsp;nature&nbsp;look&nbsp;beautiful.&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Virgil&nbsp;Thomson</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;did&nbsp;the&nbsp;music&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;film.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Family&nbsp;life&nbsp;and&nbsp;legacy</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Flaherty&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Dziga&nbsp;Vertov</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;are&nbsp;considered&nbsp;the&nbsp;pioneers&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">documentary&nbsp;film</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">While&nbsp;living&nbsp;in&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Northern&nbsp;Quebec</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;year&nbsp;of&nbsp;filming&nbsp;Nanook,&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;had&nbsp;an&nbsp;affair&nbsp;with&nbsp;his&nbsp;lead&nbsp;actress,&nbsp;the&nbsp;young&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;woman&nbsp;who&nbsp;played&nbsp;Nanook's&nbsp;wife.&nbsp;A&nbsp;few&nbsp;months&nbsp;after&nbsp;he&nbsp;left,&nbsp;she&nbsp;gave&nbsp;birth&nbsp;to&nbsp;his&nbsp;son,&nbsp;Joseph,&nbsp;whom&nbsp;he&nbsp;never&nbsp;acknowledged.&nbsp;Joseph&nbsp;was&nbsp;one&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;who&nbsp;were&nbsp;relocated&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;1950s&nbsp;to&nbsp;very&nbsp;difficult&nbsp;living&nbsp;conditions&nbsp;in&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Resolute</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Grise&nbsp;Fiord</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;extreme&nbsp;North&nbsp;(see&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">High&nbsp;Arctic&nbsp;relocation</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">).&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;knew&nbsp;of&nbsp;his&nbsp;son's&nbsp;difficulties,&nbsp;but&nbsp;took&nbsp;no&nbsp;action.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Filmography</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Nanook&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;North</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(1922)&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Moana</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(1926)&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">The&nbsp;Twenty-four&nbsp;Dollar&nbsp;Island&nbsp;(1927)&nbsp;short&nbsp;documentary&nbsp;of&nbsp;New&nbsp;York&nbsp;City&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Tabu</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(1931)&nbsp;co-directed&nbsp;with&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">F.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;Murnau</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Industrial&nbsp;Britain</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(1931)&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Man&nbsp;of&nbsp;Aran</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(1934)&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Elephant&nbsp;Boy</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(1937)&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">The&nbsp;Land&nbsp;(1942)&nbsp;45-minute&nbsp;documentary&nbsp;made&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Department&nbsp;of&nbsp;Agriculture</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Louisiana&nbsp;Story</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(1948)&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Robert&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;Award</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">BAFTA</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;presents&nbsp;the&nbsp;Robert&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;Award&nbsp;for&nbsp;best&nbsp;one-off&nbsp;documentary.</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">[2]</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;References</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">^</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;Throughout&nbsp;Melanie&nbsp;McGrath's&nbsp;The&nbsp;Long&nbsp;Exile:&nbsp;A&nbsp;Tale&nbsp;of&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;Betrayal&nbsp;and&nbsp;Survival&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;High&nbsp;Arctic.&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">ISBN&nbsp;0-00-715796-7</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(London:&nbsp;Fourth&nbsp;Estate,&nbsp;2006).&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">ISBN&nbsp;1-4000-4047-7</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(New&nbsp;York:&nbsp;Random&nbsp;House,&nbsp;2007).&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">^</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">BAFTA's&nbsp;Robert&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Flaherty&nbsp;Award</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Further&nbsp;reading</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Frances&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Flaherty</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;The&nbsp;Odyssey&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;Filmmaker:&nbsp;Robert&nbsp;Flaherty's&nbsp;Story&nbsp;(Urbana,&nbsp;IL:&nbsp;Beta&nbsp;Phi&nbsp;Mu,&nbsp;1960).&nbsp;Beta&nbsp;Phi&nbsp;Mu&nbsp;chapbook&nbsp;no.&nbsp;4&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Calder-Marshall,&nbsp;Arthur,&nbsp;The&nbsp;Innocent&nbsp;Eye;&nbsp;The&nbsp;Life&nbsp;of&nbsp;Robert&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Flaherty.&nbsp;Based&nbsp;on&nbsp;research&nbsp;material&nbsp;by&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Paul&nbsp;Rotha</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Basil&nbsp;Wright</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(New&nbsp;York:&nbsp;Harcourt,&nbsp;Brace&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;World,&nbsp;1966)&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Murphy,&nbsp;William&nbsp;Thomas,&nbsp;Robert&nbsp;Flaherty:&nbsp;A&nbsp;Guide&nbsp;to&nbsp;References&nbsp;and&nbsp;Resources&nbsp;(Boston:&nbsp;G.&nbsp;K.&nbsp;Hall&nbsp;and&nbsp;Company,&nbsp;1978)&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Paul&nbsp;Rotha</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;Flaherty:&nbsp;A&nbsp;Biography&nbsp;(</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">University&nbsp;of&nbsp;Pennsylvania</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;Press,&nbsp;1984)&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Barsam,&nbsp;Richard,&nbsp;The&nbsp;Vision&nbsp;of&nbsp;Robert&nbsp;Flaherty:&nbsp;The&nbsp;Artist&nbsp;As&nbsp;Myth&nbsp;and&nbsp;Filmmaker&nbsp;(Bloomington,&nbsp;IN:&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Indiana&nbsp;University&nbsp;Press</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;1988)&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">Christopher,&nbsp;Robert&nbsp;J.,&nbsp;Robert&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Frances&nbsp;Flaherty:&nbsp;A&nbsp;Documentary&nbsp;Life&nbsp;1883-1922&nbsp;(Montreal:&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">McGill-Queen's&nbsp;University&nbsp;Press</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">,&nbsp;2005)&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">McGrath,&nbsp;Melanie,&nbsp;The&nbsp;Long&nbsp;Exile:&nbsp;A&nbsp;Tale&nbsp;of&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;Betrayal&nbsp;and&nbsp;Survival&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;High&nbsp;Arctic.&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">ISBN&nbsp;0-00-715796-7</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(London:&nbsp;Fourth&nbsp;Estate,&nbsp;2006).&nbsp;</span><span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">ISBN&nbsp;1-4000-4047-7</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'">&nbsp;(New&nbsp;York:&nbsp;Random&nbsp;House,&nbsp;2007).&nbsp;The&nbsp;story&nbsp;of&nbsp;forced&nbsp;removal&nbsp;of&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;peoples&nbsp;in&nbsp;Canada&nbsp;in&nbsp;1953,&nbsp;including&nbsp;Flaherty's&nbsp;illegitimate&nbsp;Inuit&nbsp;son&nbsp;Joseph.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-spacerun: 'yes'"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</p>
</div>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/9205842.html</guid>
<subject>影视观摩</subject>
<author>bjterry</author>
<category>影视观摩</category>
<pubDate>Sun, 13 Nov 2011 22:50:30 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>课程说明</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/9019502.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>时常有同学要拷贝我上课用的课件，为了节省时间方便大家，我把能够发给大家的资料整理出来以文章的形式等在这个博客网上，请大家在这里拷贝使用。文章以课程的名称分类，点击相应的文章分类就可以看到该课程相关的所有文章了。多数课程是给每个年级上的，所有旧的或者相同的资料就不删除了，只增加新的。有些课既给本科生上也给研究生上，但课程的内容有所不同，研究生的理论内容要多一些，所有文章就都归在一个类别里了，同学们各取所需吧。感谢同学们对我工作的支持和配合。</p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/9019502.html</guid>
<subject>教学互动反馈</subject>
<author>bjterry</author>
<category>教学互动反馈</category>
<pubDate>Sun, 23 Oct 2011 00:11:37 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>本学期要观摩讨论的电影</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/8804244.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<div>1、【中国】陈凯歌 《百花深处》（2002年）</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>2、【美国】大卫&middot;格里菲斯《一个国家的诞生》（1915年）</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>3、【德国】罗伯特&middot;威恩 卡里加利博士的小屋（1919年）、</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>4、【美国】弗拉哈迪 《北方的纳努克》 （1922年）</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>5、【俄国】 谢尔盖&middot;爱森斯坦《战舰波坦金》 （1925）</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>6、【俄国】吉加&middot;维尔托夫《带摄影机的人》（1929年）</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>7、 【意大利】<span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt">维托里奥</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt">&middot;</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt">德</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt">&middot;</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt">西卡</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt">《</span>偷自行车的人》（1948年）</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>8、【瑞典】英格玛&middot;伯格曼 《野草莓》（1957年）</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>9、【法国】阿伦&middot;雷乃 《广岛之恋》（1958年）</div>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/8804244.html</guid>
<subject>影视观摩</subject>
<author>bjterry</author>
<category>影视观摩</category>
<pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2011 22:56:56 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>Geoffery Chaucer</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/8804235.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<div id="blogDetailDiv" style="font-size: 14px">
<div><b>Historical periods of the Great Britain</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Iberian and Celtic period</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt">3000BC~43AD</div>
<div>Roman Conquest</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt">-43~410</div>
<div>Anglo-Saxons period</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt">410~1066</div>
<div>Norman Conquest</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt">1066~1640</div>
<div>Modern period</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt">1640~1945</div>
<div>Contemporary period</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt">1945~2011</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><b>Chaucer&rsquo;s contemporaries</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Middle Ages (1000-1500)</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Dante Alighieri （1265-1321）<span> <i>The Divine Comedy</i> (1321)</span></div>
<div>Giovanni Boccaccio<span> (1313-1375) <i>The Decameron</i></span>（1353）</div>
<div>Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400）<span> <i>The Canterbury Tales</i> (1400)</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Ming Dynasty<span> (1368-1644)</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Luo Guanzhong（1330-1400）<span> <i>The Romance of the Three Kingdoms</i></span></div>
<div>Shi Nai&rsquo;an (?)<span> &amp; Luo Guanzhong <i>Outlaws of the Marsh</i> </span></div>
<div>Wu Cheng&rsquo;en<span> (1500-1582) </span></div>
<div><i>Pilgrimage to the West</i><span> (or <i>Journey to the West</i> )</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><b>What are the key characteristics of Chaucer&rsquo;s works?</b></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>a. variety in subject matter, genre, tone, style</div>
<div>b. variety in the complexities presented concerning man&rsquo;s pursuit of a sensible existence</div>
<div>c. all pervasive humor, combined with seriousness, concerning philosophical questions</div>
<div>d. love, both earthly and divine, from cuckoldry to faith to God</div>
<div>e. humorous views of the weakness (frailties and follies), nobility of man</div>
</div>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/8804235.html</guid>
<subject>英国文学选读</subject>
<author>bjterry</author>
<category>英国文学选读</category>
<pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2011 22:55:01 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>英国文学参考书目</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/8804234.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<div><span style="font-size: 111%; text-shadow: auto"><span style="color: #86d1ec; font-size: 90%"><font color="#0c0c0c" size="6">国内教材：</font></span></span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 20pt; text-shadow: auto">刘炳善《英国文学简史》，河南人民出版社 </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 111%; text-shadow: auto"><span style="color: #86d1ec; font-size: 90%"><img alt="*" style="position: absolute; width: 2.29%; height: 68.75%; top: 18.75%; left: -4.38%" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 20pt; text-shadow: auto">陈嘉《英国文学史》（四卷本），商务印书馆 </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 111%; text-shadow: auto"><span style="color: #86d1ec; font-size: 90%"><img alt="*" style="position: absolute; width: 2.29%; height: 68.75%; top: 18.75%; left: -4.38%" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 20pt; text-shadow: auto">张定铨《新编简明英国文学史》，上海外语教育出版社 </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 111%; text-shadow: auto"><span style="color: #86d1ec; font-size: 90%"><img alt="*" style="position: absolute; width: 2.04%; height: 68.75%; top: 18.75%; left: -3.91%" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 20pt; text-shadow: auto">吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（两卷本），外语教学与研究出版社 </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 111%; text-shadow: auto"><span style="color: #86d1ec; font-size: 90%"><img alt="*" style="position: absolute; width: 2.2%; height: 68.75%; top: 18.75%; left: -4.2%" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 20pt; text-shadow: auto">郭群英《英国文学新编》（两卷本），外语教学与研究出版社 </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 111%; text-shadow: auto"><span style="color: #86d1ec; font-size: 90%"><img alt="*" style="position: absolute; width: 2.29%; height: 68.75%; top: 18.75%; left: -4.38%" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 20pt; text-shadow: auto">王佐良等《英国文学名篇选注》，商务印书馆</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 20pt; text-shadow: auto">国外资料：</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 20pt; text-shadow: auto">
<div v:shape="_x0000_s1026">
<div><span style="text-shadow: auto"><span style="color: #86d1ec; font-size: 90%"><img alt="*" style="position: absolute; width: 1.71%; height: 56.25%; top: 18.75%; left: -3.8%" /></span></span><span style="text-shadow: auto">The Norton Anthology of English Literature (Fifth Edition, Volumes 1&amp;2) </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-shadow: auto">W. W. Norton &amp; Company, Inc. 1986, USA </span></div>
<div><span style="text-shadow: auto"><span style="color: #86d1ec; font-size: 90%"><img alt="*" style="position: absolute; width: 1.89%; height: 56.25%; top: 18.75%; left: -4.21%" /></span></span><span style="text-shadow: auto">Longman Companion to English Literature </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-shadow: auto">Longman World Publishing Corporation, 1984 </span></div>
<div><span style="text-shadow: auto"><span style="color: #86d1ec; font-size: 90%"><img alt="*" style="position: absolute; width: 1.89%; height: 56.25%; top: 18.75%; left: -4.21%" /></span></span><span style="text-shadow: auto">An Outline of English Literature </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-shadow: auto">Longman World Publishing Corporation, 1984 </span></div>
</div>
</span></div>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/8804234.html</guid>
<subject>英国文学选读</subject>
<author>bjterry</author>
<category>英国文学选读</category>
<pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2011 22:53:30 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>English literature</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/8804208.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<div align="center">
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<p><b><span style="font-size: 12pt">English literature</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt"> is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; for example, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Joseph Conrad was born in Poland, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, V.S. Naipaul was born in Trinidad, and Vladimir Nabokov was Russian, but all are considered important writers in the history of English literature. In other words, English literature is as diverse as the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world. In academia, the term often labels departments and programmes practising <i>English studies</i> in secondary and tertiary educational systems. Despite the variety of authors of English literature, the works of William Shakespeare remain paramount throughout the English-speaking world.</span></p>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt">This article primarily deals with some of the literature from Britain written in English. For literature from specific English-speaking regions, consult the see also section, bottom of the page.</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt">Contents</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.2pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&middot;<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><b><span style="font-size: 18pt">1</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt"> <u>Old English</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.2pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&middot;<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">2 <u>Middle English literature</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.2pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&middot;<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">3 <u>Renaissance literature</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.2pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&middot;<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">4 <u>Early Modern period</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.4pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">4.1 <u>Elizabethan Era</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.4pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">4.2 <u>Jacobean literature</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.4pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">4.3 <u>Caroline and Cromwellian literature</u></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.4pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">4.4 <u>Restoration literature</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.4pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">4.5 <u>Augustan literature</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.2pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&middot;<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">5 <u>18th century</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.2pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&middot;<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">6 <u>Romanticism</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.2pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&middot;<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">7 <u>Victorian literature</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 19.2pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">&middot;<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">8 <u>English literature since 1900</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.4pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">8.1 <u>Modernism</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.4pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">8.2 <u>Post-modern literature</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 38.4pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt">o<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt">8.3 <u>Post World War II</u> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b>&nbsp;</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt">Old English</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The first works in English, written in Old English, appeared in the early Middle Ages, the oldest surviving text being the <i><u>Hymn</u></i> of C&aelig;dmon. The oral tradition was very strong in the early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were thus very popular, and many, including <i>Beowulf</i>, have survived to the present day in the rich corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature that closely resemble today's Icelandic, Norwegian, North Frisian and the Northumbrian and Scots English dialects of modern English. Much Old English verse in the extant manuscripts is probably adapted from the earlier Germanic war poems from the continent. When such poetry was brought to England it was still being handed down orally from one generation to another, and the constant presence of alliterative verse, or consonant rhyme (today's newspaper headlines and marketing abundantly use this technique such as in <i>Big is Better</i>) helped the Anglo-Saxon people to remember it. Such rhyme is a feature of Germanic languages and is opposed to vocalic or end-rhyme of Romance languages. But the first written literature dates to the early Christian monasteries founded by Augustine of Canterbury and his disciples and it is reasonable to believe that it was somehow adapted to suit the needs of Christian readers.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt">Middle English literature</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">In the 12th century, a new form of English now known as Middle English evolved. This is the earliest form of English literature which is comprehensible to modern readers and listeners, albeit not easily. Middle English lasts up until the 1470s, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, became widespread and the printing press regularized the language. Middle English Bible translations, notably Wyclif's Bible, helped to establish English as a literary language.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Geoffrey Chaucer</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">There are three main categories of Middle English Literature: Religious, Courtly love, and Arthurian. William Langland's <i>Piers Plowman</i> is considered by many critics to be one of the early great works of English literature along with Chaucer's <i>Canterbury Tales</i> and <i>Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</i>(most likely by the Pearl Poet) during the Middle Ages. It is also the first allusion to a literary tradition of the legendary English archer, swordsman, and outlaw Robin Hood.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The most significant Middle English author was Geoffrey Chaucer who was active in the late 14th century. Often regarded as the father of English literature, Chaucer is widely credited as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin. <i>The Canterbury Tales</i> was Chaucer's magnum opus, and a towering achievement of Western culture. The first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is in Chaucer's <i>Parlement of Foules</i> 1382.<u><sup>[1]</sup></u></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The multilingual audience for literature in the 14th century can be illustrated by the example of John Gower, who wrote in Latin, Middle English and Anglo-Norman.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Among the many religious works are those in the Katherine Group and the writings of Julian of Norwich and Richard Rolle.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Since at least the 14th century, poetry in English has been written in Ireland and by Irish writers abroad. The earliest poem in English by a Welsh poet dates from about 1470.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt">Renaissance literature</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Following the introduction of a printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, vernacular literature flourished. The Reformation inspired the production of vernacular liturgy which led to the Book of Common Prayer, a lasting influence on literary English language. The poetry, drama, and prose produced under both Queen Elizabeth I and King James I constitute what is today labelled as Early modern (or Renaissance).</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt">Early Modern period</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt">Elizabethan Era</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt">The Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the field of drama. The Italian Renaissance had rediscovered the ancient Greek and Roman theatre, and this was instrumental in the development of the new drama, which was then beginning to evolve apart from the old mystery and miracle plays of the Middle Ages. The Italians were particularly inspired by Seneca (a major tragic playwright and philosopher, the tutor of Nero) and Plautus (its comic clich</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">&eacute;s, especially that of the boasting soldier had a powerful influence on the Renaissance and after). However, the Italian tragedies embraced a principle contrary to Seneca's ethics: showing blood and violence on the stage. In Seneca's plays such scenes were only acted by the characters. But the English playwrights were intrigued by Italian model: a conspicuous community of Italian actors had settled in London and Giovanni Florio had brought much of the Italian language and culture to England. It is also true that the Elizabethan Era was a very violent age and that the high incidence of political assassinations in Renaissance Italy (embodied by Niccol&ograve; Machiavelli's <i>The Prince</i>) did little to calm fears of popish plots. As a result, representing that kind of violence on the stage was probably more cathartic for the Elizabethan spectator. Following earlier Elizabethan plays such as <i>Gorboduc</i> by Sackville &amp; Norton and <i>The Spanish Tragedy</i>by Kyd that was to provide much material for <i>Hamlet</i>, William Shakespeare stands out in this period as a poet and playwright as yet unsurpassed. Shakespeare was not a man of letters by profession, and probably had only some grammar school education. He was neither a lawyer, nor an aristocrat as the &quot;university wits&quot; that had monopolised the English stage when he started writing. But he was very gifted and incredibly versatile, and he surpassed &quot;professionals&quot; as Robert Greene who mocked this &quot;shake-scene&quot; of low origins. Though most dramas met with great success, it is in his later years (marked by the early reign of James I) that he wrote what have been considered his greatest plays: <i>Hamlet</i>, <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, <i>Othello</i>, <i>King Lear</i>, <i>Macbeth</i>, <i>Antony and Cleopatra</i>, and <i>The Tempest</i>, a tragicomedy that inscribes within the main drama a brilliant pageant to the new king. Shakespeare also popularized the English sonnet which made significant changes to Petrarch's model.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The sonnet was introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th century. Poems intended to be set to music as songs, such as by Thomas Campion, became popular as printed literature was disseminated more widely in households. <i>See English Madrigal School</i>. Other important figures in Elizabethan theatre include Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Dekker, John Fletcher and Francis Beaumont. Had Marlowe (1564</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">&ndash;1593) not been stabbed at twenty-nine in a tavern brawl, says Anthony Burgess, he might have rivalled, if not equalled Shakespeare himself for his poetic gifts. Remarkably, he was born only a few weeks before Shakespeare and must have known him well. Marlowe's subject matter, though, is different: it focuses more on the moral drama of the renaissance man than any other thing. Marlowe was fascinated and terrified by the new frontiers opened by modern science. Drawing on German lore, he introduced Dr. Faustus to England, a scientist and magician who is obsessed by the thirst of knowledge and the desire to push man's technological power to its limits. He acquires supernatural gifts that even allow him to go back in time and wed Helen of Troy, but at the end of his twenty-four years' covenant with the devil he has to surrender his soul to him. His dark heroes may have something of Marlowe himself, whose death remains a mystery. He was known for being an atheist, leading a lawless life, keeping many mistresses, consorting with ruffians: living the 'high life' of London's underworld. But many suspect that this might have been a cover-up for his activities as a secret agent for Elizabeth I, hinting that the 'accidental stabbing' might have been a premeditated assassination by the enemies of The Crown. Beaumont and Fletcher are less-known, but it is almost sure that they helped Shakespeare write some of his best dramas, and were quite popular at the time. It is also at this time that the city comedy genre develops. In the later 16th century English poetry was characterised by elaboration of language and extensive allusion to classical myths. The most important poets of this era include Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney. Elizabeth herself, a product of Renaissance humanism, produced occasional poems such as <i><u>On Monsieur</u></i><i><u>&rsquo;s Departure</u></i>.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt">Jacobean literature</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">After Shakespeare's death, the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson was the leading literary figure of the Jacobean era (The reign of James I). However, Jonson's aesthetics hark back to the Middle Ages rather than to the Tudor Era: his characters embody the theory of humours. According to this contemporary medical theory, behavioral differences result from a prevalence of one of the body's four &quot;humours&quot; (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) over the other three; these humours correspond with the four elements of the universe: air, water, fire, and earth. This leads Jonson to exemplify such differences to the point of creating types, or clich</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">&eacute;s.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Jonson is a master of style, and a brilliant satirist. His <i>Volpone</i> shows how a group of scammers are fooled by a top con-artist, vice being punished by vice, virtue meting out its reward.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Others who followed Jonson's style include Beaumont and Fletcher, who wrote the brilliant comedy, <i>The Knight of the Burning Pestle</i>, a mockery of the rising middle class and especially of those nouveaux riches who pretend to dictate literary taste without knowing much literature at all. In the story, a couple of grocers wrangle with professional actors to have their illiterate son play a leading role in a drama. He becomes a knight-errant wearing, appropriately, a burning pestle on his shield. Seeking to win a princess' heart, the young man is ridiculed much in the way Don Quixote was. One of Beaumont and Fletcher's chief merits was that of realising how feudalism and chivalry had turned into snobbery and make-believe and that new social classes were on the rise.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Another popular style of theatre during Jacobean times was the revenge play, popularized by John Webster and Thomas Kyd. George Chapman wrote a couple of subtle revenge tragedies, but must be remembered chiefly on account of his famous translation of Homer, one that had a profound influence on all future English literature, even inspiring John Keats to write one of his best sonnets.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The King James Bible, one of the most massive translation projects in the history of English up to this time, was started in 1604 and completed in 1611. It represents the culmination of a tradition of Bible translation into English that began with the work of William Tyndale. It became the standard Bible of the Church of England, and some consider it one of the greatest literary works of all time. This project was headed by James I himself, who supervised the work of forty-seven scholars. Although many other translations into English have been made, some of which are widely considered more accurate, many aesthetically prefer the King James Bible, whose meter is made to mimic the original Hebrew verse.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Besides Shakespeare, whose figure towers over the early 17th century, the major poets of the early 17th century included John Donne and the other Metaphysical poets. Influenced by continental Baroque, and taking as his subject matter both Christian mysticism and eroticism, metaphysical poetry uses unconventional or &quot;unpoetic&quot; figures, such as a compass or a mosquito, to reach surprise effects. For example, in &quot;A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning&quot;, one of Donne's <i>Songs and Sonnets</i>, the points of a compass represent two lovers, the woman who is home, waiting, being the centre, the farther point being her lover sailing away from her. But the larger the distance, the more the hands of the compass lean to each other: separation makes love grow fonder. The paradox or the oxymoron is a constant in this poetry whose fears and anxieties also speak of a world of spiritual certainties shaken by the modern discoveries of geography and science, one that is no longer the centre of the universe. Apart from the metaphysical poetry of Donne, the 17th century is also celebrated for its Baroque poetry. Baroque poetry served the same ends as the art of the period; the Baroque style is lofty, sweeping, epic, and religious. Many of these poets have an overtly Catholic sensibility (namely Richard Crashaw) and wrote poetry for the Catholic counter-Reformation in order to establish a feeling of supremacy and mysticism that would ideally persuade newly emerging Protestant groups back toward Catholicism.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt">Caroline and Cromwellian literature</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The turbulent years of the mid-17th century, during the reign of Charles I and the subsequent Commonwealth and Protectorate, saw a flourishing of political literature in English. Pamphlets written by sympathisers of every faction in the English civil war ran from vicious personal attacks and polemics, through many forms of propaganda, to high-minded schemes to reform the nation. Of the latter type, <i>Leviathan</i> by Thomas Hobbes would prove to be one of the most important works of British political philosophy. Hobbes's writings are some of the few political works from the era which are still regularly published while John Bramhall, who was Hobbes's chief critic, is largely forgotten. The period also saw a flourishing of news books, the precursors to the British newspaper, with journalists such as Henry Muddiman, Marchamont Needham, and John Birkenhead representing the views and activities of the contending parties. The frequent arrests of authors and the suppression of their works, with the consequence of foreign or underground printing, led to the proposal of a licensing system. The <i>Areopagitica</i>, a political pamphlet by John Milton, was written in opposition to licensing and is regarded as one of the most eloquent defenses of press freedom ever written.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Specifically in the reign of Charles I (1625</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">&ndash;42), English Renaissance theatre experienced its concluding efflorescence. The last works of Ben Jonson appeared on stage and in print, along with the final generation of major voices in the drama of the age: John Ford, Philip Massinger, James Shirley, and Richard Brome. With the closure of the theatres at the start of the English Civil War in 1642, drama was suppressed for a generation, to resume only in the altered society of the English Restoration in 1660.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Samuel Pepys, took the diary beyond mere business transaction notes, into the realm of the personal</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Diarists John Evelyn and Samuel Pepys depicted everyday London life and the cultural scene of the times. Their works are among the most important primary sources for the English Restoration period, and consists of eyewitness accounts of many great events, such as the Great Plague of London, and the Great Fire of London.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Other forms of literature written during this period are usually ascribed political subtexts, or their authors are grouped along political lines. The cavalier poets, active mainly before the civil war, owed much to the earlier school of metaphysical poets. The forced retirement of royalist officials after the execution of Charles I was a good thing in the case of Izaak Walton, as it gave him time to work on his book <i><u>The Compleat Angler</u></i>. Published in 1653, the book, ostensibly a guide to fishing, is much more: a meditation on life, leisure, and contentment. The two most important poets of Oliver Cromwell's England were Andrew Marvell and John Milton, with both producing works praising the new government; such as Marvell's <i>An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland</i>. Despite their republican beliefs they escaped punishment upon the Restoration of Charles II, after which Milton wrote some of his greatest poetical works (with any possible political message hidden under allegory). Thomas Browne was another writer of the period; a learned man with an extensive library, he wrote prolifically on science, religion, medicine and the esoteric.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt">Restoration literature</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Restoration literature includes both <i>Paradise Lost</i> and the Earl of Rochester's <i>Sodom,</i>the high spirited sexual comedy of <i>The Country Wife</i> and the moral wisdom of <i><u>Pilgrim's Progress</u>.</i> It saw Locke's <i><u>Two Treatises on Government</u>,</i> the founding of the Royal Society, the experiments of Robert Boyle and the holy meditations of Boyle, the hysterical attacks on theatres from Jeremy Collier, the pioneering of literary criticism from Dryden, and the first newspapers. The official break in literary culture caused by censorship and radically moralist standards under Cromwell's Puritan regime created a gap in literary tradition, allowing a seemingly fresh start for all forms of literature after the Restoration. During the Interregnum, the royalist forces attached to the court of Charles I went into exile with the twenty-year-old Charles II. The nobility who travelled with Charles II were therefore lodged for over a decade in the midst of the continent's literary scene. Charles spent his time attending plays in France, and he developed a taste for Spanish plays. Those nobles living in Holland began to learn about mercantile exchange as well as the tolerant, rationalist prose debates that circulated in that officially tolerant nation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The largest and most important poetic form of the era was satire. In general, publication of satire was done anonymously. There were great dangers in being associated with a satire. On the one hand, defamation law was a wide net, and it was difficult for a satirist to avoid prosecution if he were proven to have written a piece that seemed to criticize a noble. On the other hand, wealthy individuals would respond to satire as often as not by having the suspected poet physically attacked by ruffians. John Dryden was set upon for being merely<i>suspected</i> of having written the <i>Satire on Mankind.</i> A consequence of this anonymity is that a great many poems, some of them of merit, are unpublished and largely unknown.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Prose in the Restoration period is dominated by Christian religious writing, but the Restoration also saw the beginnings of two genres that would dominate later periods: fiction and journalism. Religious writing often strayed into political and economic writing, just as political and economic writing implied or directly addressed religion. The Restoration was also the time when John Locke wrote many of his philosophical works. Locke's empiricism was an attempt at understanding the basis of human understanding itself and thereby devising a proper manner for making sound decisions. These same scientific methods led Locke to his three <i>Treatises on Government,</i> which later inspired the thinkers in the American Revolution. As with his work on understanding, Locke moves from the most basic units of society toward the more elaborate, and, like Thomas Hobbes, he emphasizes the plastic nature of the social contract. For an age that had seen absolute monarchy overthrown, democracy attempted, democracy corrupted, and limited monarchy restored, only a flexible basis for government could be satisfying. The Restoration moderated most of the more strident sectarian writing, but radicalism persisted after the Restoration. Puritan authors such as John Milton were forced to retire from public life or adapt, and those Digger, Fifth Monarchist, Leveller, Quaker, and Anabaptist authors who had preached against monarchy and who had participated directly in the regicide of Charles I were partially suppressed. Consequently, violent writings were forced underground, and many of those who had served in the Interregnum attenuated their positions in the Restoration. John Bunyan stands out beyond other religious authors of the period. Bunyan's <i>The Pilgrim's Progress</i>is an allegory of personal salvation and a guide to the Christian life. Instead of any focus on eschatology or divine retribution, Bunyan instead writes about how the individual saint can prevail against the temptations of mind and body that threaten damnation. The book is written in a straightforward narrative and shows influence from both drama and biography, and yet it also shows an awareness of the grand allegorical tradition found in Edmund Spenser. During the Restoration period, the most common manner of getting news would have been a broadsheet publication. A single, large sheet of paper might have a written, usually partisan, account of an event. However, the period saw the beginnings of the first professional and periodical (meaning that the publication was regular) journalism in England. Journalism develops late, generally around the time of William of Orange's claiming the throne in 1689. Coincidentally or by design, England began to have newspapers just when William came to court from Amsterdam, where there were already newspapers being published.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">It is impossible to satisfactorily date the beginning of the novel in English. However, long fiction and fictional biographies began to distinguish themselves from other forms in England during the Restoration period. An existing tradition of <i>Romance</i> fiction in France and Spain was popular in England. The &quot;Romance&quot; was considered a feminine form, and women were taxed with reading &quot;novels&quot; as a vice. One of the most significant figures in the rise of the novel in the Restoration period is Aphra Behn. She was not only the first professional female novelist, but she may be among the first professional novelists of either sex in England. Behn's most famous novel was <i>Oroonoko</i>in 1688. This was a biography of an entirely fictional African king who had been enslaved in Suriname. Behn's novels show the influence of tragedy and her experiences as a dramatist.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">A</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">s soon as the previous Puritan regime's ban on public stage representations was lifted, the drama recreated itself quickly and abundantly. The most famous plays of the early Restoration period are the unsentimental or &quot;hard&quot; comedies of John Dryden, William Wycherley, and George Etherege, which reflect the atmosphere at Court, and celebrate an aristocratic macho lifestyle of unremitting sexual intrigue and conquest. After a sharp drop in both quality and quantity in the 1680s, the mid-90s saw a brief second flowering of the drama, especially comedy. Comedies like William Congreve's <i>The Way of the World</i> (1700), and John Vanbrugh's <i>The Relapse</i> (1696) and <i>The Provoked Wife</i> (1697) were &quot;softer&quot; and more middle-class in ethos, very different from the aristocratic extravaganza twenty years earlier, and aimed at a wider audience. The playwrights of the 1690s set out to appeal to more socially mixed audiences with a strong middle-class element, and to female spectators, for instance by moving the war between the sexes from the arena of intrigue into that of marriage. The focus in comedy is less on young lovers outwitting the older generation, more on marital relations after the wedding bells.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt">Augustan literature</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The term Augustan literature derives from authors of the 1720s and 1730s themselves, who responded to a term that George I of England preferred for himself. While George I meant the title to reflect his might, they instead saw in it a reflection of Ancient Rome's transition from rough and ready literature to highly political and highly polished literature. Because of the aptness of the metaphor, the period from 1689 </span><span style="font-size: 12pt">&ndash; 1750 was called &quot;the Augustan Age&quot; by critics throughout the 18th century (including Voltaire and Oliver Goldsmith). The literature of the period is overtly political and thoroughly aware of critical dictates for literature. It is an age of exuberance and scandal, of enormous energy and inventiveness and outrage, that reflected an era when English, Scottish, and Irish people found themselves in the midst of an expanding economy, lowering barriers to education, and the stirrings of the Industrial Revolution.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The most outstanding poet of the age is Alexander Pope, but Pope's excellence is partially in his constant battle with other poets, and his serene, seemingly neo-Classical approach to poetry is in competition with highly idiosyncratic verse and strong competition from such poets as Ambrose Philips. It was during this time that James Thomson produced his melancholy <i>The Seasons</i> and Edward Young wrote <i>Night Thoughts.</i> It is also the era that saw a serious competition over the proper model for the pastoral. In criticism, poets struggled with a doctrine of <i>decorum,</i> of matching proper words with proper sense and of achieving a diction that matched the gravity of a subject. At the same time, the mock-heroic was at its zenith. Pope's <i><u>Rape of the Lock</u></i> and <i>The Dunciad</i> are still the greatest mock-heroic poems ever written.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">In prose, the earlier part of the period was overshadowed by the development of the English essay. Joseph Addison and Richard Steele's <i>The Spectator</i>established the form of the British periodical essay, inventing the pose of the detached observer of human life who can meditate upon the world without advocating any specific changes in it. However, this was also the time when the English novel, first emerging in the Restoration, developed into a major art form. Daniel Defoe turned from journalism and writing criminal lives for the press to writing fictional criminal lives with <i>Roxana</i> and <i>Moll Flanders.</i>He also wrote a fictional treatment of the travels of Alexander Selkirk called <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> (1719). The novel would benefit indirectly from a tragedy of the stage, and in mid-century many more authors would begin to write novels.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Jonathan Swift</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">If Addison and Steele overawed one type of prose, then Jonathan Swift did another. Swift's prose style is unmannered and direct, with a clarity that few contemporaries matched. He was a profound skeptic about the modern world, but he was similarly profoundly distrustful of nostalgia. He saw in history a record of lies and vanity, and he saw in the present a madness of vanity and lies. Core Christian values were essential, but these values had to be muscular and assertive and developed by constant rejection of the games of confidence men and their gullies. Swift's <i>A Tale of a Tub</i> announced his skeptical analysis of the claims of the modern world, and his later prose works, such as his war with Patridge the astrologer, and most of all his derision of pride in <i>Gulliver's Travels</i> left only the individual in constant fear and humility safe. After his &quot;exile&quot; to Ireland, Swift reluctantly began defending the Irish people from the predations of colonialism. His <i>A Modest Proposal</i> and the Drapier Letters provoked riots and arrests, but Swift, who had no love of Irish Roman Catholics, was outraged by the abuses and barbarity he saw around him.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Drama in the early part of the period featured the last plays of John Vanbrugh and William Congreve, both of whom carried on the Restoration comedy with some alterations. However, the majority of stagings were of lower farces and much more serious and domestic tragedies. George Lillo and Richard Steele both produced highly moral forms of tragedy, where the characters and the concerns of the characters were wholly middle class or working class. This reflected a marked change in the audience for plays, as royal patronage was no longer the important part of theatrical success. Additionally, Colley Cibber and John Rich began to battle each other for greater and greater spectacles to present on stage. The figure of Harlequin was introduced, and pantomime theatre began to be staged. This &quot;low&quot; comedy was quite popular, and the plays became tertiary to the staging. Opera also began to be popular in London, and there was significant literary resistance to this Italian incursion. This trend was broken only by a few attempts at a new type of comedy. Pope and John Arbuthnot and John Gay attempted a play entitled <i>Three Hours After Marriage</i> that failed. In 1728, however, John Gay returned to the playhouse with <i>The Beggar's Opera.</i>Gay's opera was in English and retold the story of Jack Sheppard and Jonathan Wild. However, it seemed to be an allegory for Robert Walpole and the directors of the South Sea Company, and so Gay's follow up opera was banned without performance. The Licensing Act 1737 brought an abrupt halt to much of the period's drama, as the theatres were once again brought under state control.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">An effect of the Licensing Act was to cause more than one aspiring playwright to switch over to writing novels. Henry Fielding began to write prose satire and novels after his plays could not pass the censors. Henry Brooke also turned to novels. In the interim, Samuel Richardson had produced a novel intended to counter the deleterious effects of novels in <i>Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded</i>(1740). Henry Fielding attacked the absurdity of this novel with two of his own works, <i>Joseph Andrews</i> and <i><u>Shamela</u></i>, and then countered Richardson's <i>Clarissa</i> with <i>Tom Jones</i>. Henry Mackenzie wrote <i>The Man of Feeling</i> and indirectly began the sentimental novel. Laurence Sterne attempted a Swiftian novel with a unique perspective on the impossibility of biography (the model for most novels up to that point) and understanding with <i><u>Tristram Shandy</u></i>, even as his detractor Tobias Smollett elevated the picaresque novel with his works. Each of these novels represents a formal and thematic divergence from the others. Each novelist was in dialogue and competition with the others, and, in a sense, the novel established itself as a diverse and open-formed genre in this explosion of creativity. The most lasting effects of the experimentation would be the psychological realism of Richardson, the bemused narrative voice of Fielding, and the sentimentality of Brooke.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt">&nbsp;18th century</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">During the Age of Sensibility, literature reflected the worldview of the Age of Enlightenment (or Age of Reason) </span><span style="font-size: 12pt">&ndash; a rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues that promoted a secular view of the world and a general sense of progress and perfectibility. Led by the philosophers who were inspired by the discoveries of the previous century (Newton) and the writings of Descartes, Locke and Bacon.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">They sought to discover and to act upon universally valid principles governing humanity, nature, and society. They variously attacked spiritual and scientific authority, dogmatism, intolerance, censorship, and economic and social restraints. They considered the state the proper and rational instrument of progress. The extreme rationalism and skepticism of the age led naturally to deism; the same qualities played a part in bringing the later reaction of romanticism. The Encyclop</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">&eacute;die of Denis Diderot epitomized the spirit of the age.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">During the end of the 18th century, Horace Walpole's 1764 novel <i>The Castle of Otranto</i>, created the Gothic fiction genre, that combines elements of horror and romance. The pioneering gothic novelist Ann Radcliffe introduced the brooding figure of the gothic villain which developed into the Byronic hero. Her most popular and influential work <i>The Mysteries of Udolpho</i> 1794, is frequently cited as the archetypal Gothic novel. <i>Vathek</i> 1786 by William Beckford, and <i>The Monk</i> 1796 by Matthew Lewis, were further notable early works in both the gothic and horror literary genres.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt">Romanticism</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The changing landscape of Britain brought about by the steam engine has two major outcomes: the boom of industrialism with the expansion of the city, and the consequent depopulation of the countryside as a result of the enclosures, or privatisation of pastures. Most peasants poured into the city to work in the new factories.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">This abrupt change is revealed by the change of meaning in five key words: industry (once meaning &quot;creativity&quot;), democracy (once disparagingly used as &quot;mob rule&quot;), class (from now also used with a social connotation), art (once just meaning &quot;craft&quot;), culture (once only belonging to farming).</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">But the poor condition of workers, the new class-conflicts and the pollution of the environment causes a reaction to urbanism and industrialisation prompting poets to rediscover the beauty and value of nature. Mother earth is seen as the only source of wisdom, the only solution to the ugliness caused by machines.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The superiority of nature and instinct over civilisation had been preached by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his message was picked by almost all European poets. The first in England were the Lake Poets, a small group of friends including William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. These early Romantic Poets brought a new emotionalism and introspection, and their emergence is marked by the first romantic Manifesto in English literature, the &quot;Preface to the Lyrical Ballads&quot;. This collection was mostly contributed by Wordsworth, although Coleridge must be credited for his long and impressive <i><u>Rime of the Ancient Mariner</u></i>, a tragic ballad about the survival of one sailor through a series of supernatural events on his voyage through the south seas which involves the slaying of an albatross, the death of the rest of the crew, a visit from Death and his mate, Life-in-Death, and the eventual redemption of the Mariner.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Coleridge and Wordsworth, however, understood romanticism in two entirely different ways: while Coleridge sought to make the supernatural &quot;real&quot; (much like sci-fi movies use special effects to make unlikely plots believable), Wordsworth sought to stir the imagination of readers through his down-to-earth characters taken from real life (in &quot;The Idiot Boy&quot;, for example), or the beauty of the Lake District that largely inspired his production (as in &quot;Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey&quot;).</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The &quot;Second generation&quot; of Romantic poets includes Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. Byron, however, was still influenced by 18th-century satirists and was, perhaps the least 'romantic' of the three. His amours with a number of prominent but married ladies was also a way to voice his dissent on the hypocrisy of a high society that was only apparently religious but in fact largely libertine, the same that had derided him for being physically impaired. His first trip to Europe resulted in the first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, a mock-heroic epic of a young man's adventures in Europe but also a sharp satire against London society. Despite <i>Childe Harold'</i>s success on his return to England, accompanied by the publication of <i>The Corsair</i> his alleged incestuous affair with his half-sister Augusta Leigh in 1816 actually forced him to leave England for good and seek asylum on the continent. Here he joined Percy Bysshe Shelley, his wife Mary, with his secretary John William Polidori on the shores of Lake Geneva during the 'year without a summer' of 1816. Polidori's <i>The Vampyre</i> was published in 1819, creating the literary vampire genre. His short story was inspired by the life of Lord Byron and his poem <i>The Giaour</i>.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">One of Percy Shelley's most prominent works is the <i>Ode to the West Wind</i>. Despite his apparent refusal to believe in God, this poem is considered a homage to pantheism, the recognition of a spiritual presence in nature. Shelley's groundbreaking poem <i>The Masque of Anarchy</i> calls for nonviolence in protest and political action. It is perhaps the first modern statement of the principle of nonviolent protest.<u><sup>[2]</sup></u> Mahatma Gandhi's passive resistance was influenced and inspired by Shelley's verse, and Gandhi would often quote the poem to vast audiences.<u><sup>[3]</sup></u></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Mary Shelley</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The plot for Mary Shelley's <i>Frankenstein</i> is said to have come from a nightmare she had during stormy nights on Lake Geneva in the company of Percy Shelley, Lord Byron, and John Polidori. Her idea of making a body with human parts stolen from different corpses and then animating it with electricity was perhaps influenced by Alessandro Volta's invention and Luigi Galvani's experiments with dead frogs. Frankenstein's chilling tale also suggests modern organ transplants, tissue regeneration, reminding us of the moral issues raised by today's medicine. But the creature of Frankenstein is incredibly romantic as well. Although &quot;the monster&quot; is intelligent, good and loving, he is shunned by everyone because of his ugliness and deformity, and the desperation and envy that result from social exclusion turn him against the very man who created him.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">John Keats did not share Byron's and Shelley's extremely revolutionary ideals, but his cult of pantheism is as important as Shelley's. Keats was in love with the ancient stones of the Parthenon that Lord Elgin had brought to England from Greece, also known as the Elgin Marbles). He celebrates ancient Greece: the beauty of free, youthful love couples here with that of classical art. Keats's great attention to art, especially in his <i>Ode on a Grecian Urn</i> is quite new in romanticism, and it inspired Walter Pater's and then Oscar Wilde's belief in the absolute value of art as independent from aesthetics.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Some rightly think that the most popular novelist of the era was Sir Walter Scott, whose grand historical romances inspired a generation of painters, composers, and writers throughout Europe. Scott's novel-writing career was launched in 1814 with <i>Waverley</i>, often called the first historical novel, and was followed by <i>Ivanhoe</i>. His popularity in England and further abroad did much to form the modern stereotype of Scottish culture. Other novels by Scott which contributed to the image of him as a Scottish patriot include <i>Rob Roy</i>.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">In retrospect, we now look back to Jane Austen, who wrote novels about the life of the landed gentry, seen from a woman's point of view, and wryly focused on practical social issues, especially marriage and choosing the right partner in life, with love being above all else. Austen's <i>Pride and Prejudice</i> would set the model for all Romance Novels to follow. Jane Austen created the ultimate hero and heroine in Darcy and Elizabeth, who must overcome their own stubborn pride and the prejudices they have toward each other, in order to come to a middle ground, where they finally realize their love for one another. Austen's other most notable works include; <i>Sense and Sensibility</i>, <i>Mansfield Park</i>, <i>Persuasion</i> and <i>Emma</i>. In her novels, Austen brings to light the hardships women faced, who usually did not inherit money, could not work and where their only chance in life depended on the man they married. She brought to light not only the difficulties women faced in her day, but also what was expected of men and of the careers they had to follow. This she does with wit and humour and with endings where all characters, good or bad, receive exactly what they deserve. Poet, painter and printmaker William Blake is usually included among the English Romanticists, though his visionary work is much different from that of the others discussed in this section.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">In America, with the essays and poetry of Ralph Waldo Emerson began an explosion of American English literature, which included the publication of Herman Melville's <i><u>Moby Dick</u></i> and the poetry of Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt">Victorian literature</span></b></div>
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<p><span style="font-size: 12pt">It was in the Victorian era (1837</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">&ndash;1901) that the novel became the leading form of literature in English. Most writers were now more concerned to meet the tastes of a large middle class reading public than to please aristocratic patrons. The best known works of the era include the emotionally powerful works of the Bront&euml; sisters; the satire <i>Vanity Fair</i> by William Makepeace Thackeray; the realist novels of George Eliot; and Anthony Trollope's insightful portrayals of the lives of the landowning and professional classes.</span></p>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene in the 1830s, confirming the trend for serial publication. Dickens wrote vividly about London life and the struggles of the poor, but in a good-humoured fashion which was acceptable to readers of all classes. His early works such as the <i><u>Pickwick Papers</u></i> are masterpieces of comedy. Later his works became darker, without losing his genius for caricature.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">T</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">he Bronte sisters were English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. Their novels caused a sensation when they were first published and were subsequently accepted into the canon of great English literature. They had written compulsively from early childhood and were first published, at their own expense, in 1846 as poets under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. The book attracted little attention, selling only two copies. The sisters returned to prose, producing a novel each in the following year. Charlotte's <i>Jane Eyre</i>, Emily's <i>Wuthering Heights</i> and Anne's <i>Agnes Grey</i> were released in 1847.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">An interest in rural matters and the changing social and economic situation of the countryside may be seen in the novels of Thomas Hardy, Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, and others. Leading poetic figures included Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Matthew Arnold, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and Christina Rossetti.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The novels of George Eliot, such as <i>Middlemarch</i>, were a milestone of literary realism, and combine high Victorian literary detail with an intellectual breadth that removes them from the narrow confines they often depict. Novels of Thomas Hardy and others, dealt with the changing social and economic situation of the countryside. Wilkie Collins epistolary novel <i>The Moonstone</i> 1868, has been acclaimed as the first detective novel in the English language.<u><sup>[4]</sup></u></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The premier ghost story writer of the 19th century was Sheridan Le Fanu. His works include the macabre mystery novel <i>Uncle Silas</i> 1865, and his Gothic novella <i>Carmilla</i> 1872, tells the story of a young woman's susceptibility to the attentions of a female vampire. Bram Stoker's seminal horror <i>Dracula</i>, has been attributed to a number of literary genres including vampire literature, horror fiction, gothic novel and invasion literature.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">H. G. Wells</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">H. G. Wells invented a number of themes that are now classic in the science fiction genre. <i>The War of the Worlds</i> 1898, describing an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry, is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. <i>The Time Machine</i> is generally credited with the popularization of the concept of time travel using a vehicle that allows an operator to travel purposefully and selectively. The term &quot;<i>time machine</i>&quot; coined by Wells, is now universally used to refer to such a vehicle.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Scotland of Irish parents but his Sherlock Holmes stories have typified a fog-filled London for readers worldwide</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes is a brilliant London-based &quot;consulting detective&quot;, famous for his intellectual prowess. Conan Doyle wrote four novels and fifty-six short stories featuring Holmes, from 1880 up to 1907, with a final case in 1914. All but four Conan Doyle stories are narrated by Holmes' friend, assistant, and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Literature for children developed as a separate genre. Some works become globally well-known, such as those of Lewis Carroll and Edward Lear, both of whom used nonsense verse. Adventure novels, such as those of Robert Louis Stevenson, are generally classified as for children. Stevenson's <i>Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</i>, depicts the dual personality of a kind and intelligent physician who turns into a psychopathic monster after imbibing a drug intended to separate good from evil in a personality. His <i>Kidnapped</i> is a fast-paced historical novel set in the aftermath of the '45 Jacobite Rising, and <i>Treasure Island</i>1883, is the classic pirate adventure. At the end of the Victorian Era and leading into the Edwardian Era, Beatrix Potter was an author and illustrator, best known for her children</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">&rsquo;s books, which featured animal characters. In her thirties, Potter published the highly successful children's book <i>The Tale of Peter Rabbit</i> in 1902. Potter eventually went on to published 23 children's books and become a wealthly woman. Her books along with Lewis Carroll&rsquo;s are read and published to this day.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The Lost World literary genre was inspired by real stories of archaeological discoveries by imperial adventurers. H. Rider Haggard wrote one of the earliest examples, <i>King Solomon's Mines</i>, in 1885. Contemporary European politics and diplomatic manoeuvrings informed Anthony Hope's swashbuckling Ruritanian adventure novel <i>The Prisoner of Zenda</i>. An important forerunner of modernist literature, Joseph Conrad wrote the novel <i>Heart of Darkness</i> in 1899. A symbolic story within a story or frame narrative about an Englishman Marlow's foreign assignment, it is widely regarded as a significant work of English literature and part of the Western canon.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt">English literature since 1900</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Rudyard Kipling</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The major lyric poet of the first decades of the 20th century was Thomas Hardy. Following the classic novels <i>Tess of the d'Urbervilles</i> and <i>Far from the Madding Crowd</i>, Hardy then concentrated on poetry after the harsh critical response to his last novel, <i>Jude the Obscure</i>. The most widely popular writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling, a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems, and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature. Kipling's works include <i>The Jungle Book</i>, <i>The Man Who Would Be King</i> and <i>Kim</i>, while his inspirational poem <i>If</i></span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt">&mdash;</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt"> is a national favourite. Like William Ernest Henley's poem <i>Invictus</i> that has inspired such people as Nelson Mandela when he was incarcerated,<u><sup>[5]</sup></u> <i>If</i></span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt">&mdash;</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt">is a memorable evocation of Victorian stoicism, regarded as a traditional British virtue. Erskine Childers' <i>The Riddle of the Sands</i> 1903, defined the spy novel. The Kailyard school of Scottish writers, notably J. M. Barrie, creator of Peter Pan, presented an idealised version of society and brought elements of fantasy and folklore back into fashion. The 1905 novel <i>The Scarlet Pimpernel</i> by Emma Orczy, is a precursor to the &quot;disguised superhero&quot;. In 1908, Kenneth Grahame wrote the children's classic <i>The Wind in the Willows</i>, while the Scouts founder Robert Baden Powell's first book <i>Scouting for Boys</i> was published. John Buchan penned the adventure novel <i>The Thirty-Nine Steps</i> in 1915. Strongly influenced by his Christian faith, G. K. Chesterton was a prolific and hugely influential writer with a diverse output. Aldous Huxley's futuristic novel <i>Brave New World</i>, anticipates developments in reproductive technology and sleep-learning that combine to change society. The future society is an embodiment of the ideals that form the basis of futurism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt">Modernism</span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The movement known as English literary modernism grew out of a general sense of disillusionment with Victorian era attitudes of certainty, conservatism, and objective truth. The movement was greatly influenced by the ideas of Romanticism, Karl Marx's political writings, and the psychoanalytic theories of subconscious</span><span style="font-size: 12pt">&ndash; Sigmund Freud. The continental art movements of Impressionism, and later Cubism, were also important inspirations for modernist writers.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">James Joyce, 1918</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Although literary modernism reached its peak between the First and Second World Wars, the earliest examples of the movement's attitudes appeared in the mid to late 19th century. Gerard Manley Hopkins, A. E. Housman, and the poet and novelist Thomas Hardy represented a few of the major early modernists writing in England during the Victorian period.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The first decades of the 20th century saw several major works of modernism published, including the seminal short story collection <i>Dubliners</i> by James Joyce, Joseph Conrad's <i>Heart of Darkness</i>, and the poetry and drama of William Butler Yeats. Joyce's magnum opus <i>Ulysses</i>, is arguably the most important work of Modernist literature, and has been referred to as &quot;a demonstration and summation of the entire movement&quot;.<u><sup>[6]</sup></u>It is an interpretation of the Odyssey set in Dublin, and culminates in <i>Finnegans Wake</i>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Virginia Woolf</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Important novelists between the World Wars included Virginia Woolf, E. M. Forster, Evelyn Waugh, P.G. Wodehouse and D. H. Lawrence. Woolf was an influential feminist, and a major stylistic innovator associated with the stream-of-consciousness technique. Her 1929 novel <i>A Room of One's Own</i> contains her famous dictum; &quot;A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction&quot;.<u><sup>[7]</sup></u> T. S. Eliot was the preeminent English poet of the period. Across the Atlantic writers like William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, and the poets Wallace Stevens and Robert Frost developed a more American take on the modernist aesthetic in their work.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Important in the development of the modernist movement was the American poet Ezra Pound. Credited with &quot;discovering&quot; both T. S. Eliot and James Joyce, Pound also advanced the cause of imagism and free verse. Gertrude Stein, an American expat, was also an enormous literary force during this time period, famous for her line &quot;Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose.&quot;</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Other notable writers of this period included H.D., Marianne Moore, Elizabeth Bishop, W. H. Auden, Vladimir Nabokov, William Carlos Williams, Ralph Ellison, Dylan Thomas, R.S. Thomas and Graham Greene. However, some of these writers are more closely associated with what has become known as post-modernism, a term often used to encompass the diverse range of writers who succeeded the modernists.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt">Post-modern literature</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature. It is both a continuation of the experimentation championed by writers of the modernist period (relying heavily, for example, on fragmentation, paradox, questionable narrators, etc.) and a reaction against Enlightenment ideas implicit in Modernist literature. Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, is difficult to define and there is little agreement on the exact characteristics, scope, and importance of postmodern literature. Henry Miller, William S. Burroughs, Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut, Hunter S. Thompson, Truman Capote, Thomas Pynchon.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt">Post World War II</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">George Orwell</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">One of the most significant writers in this period was George Orwell. An essayist and novelist, Orwell's works are considered among the most important social and political commentaries of the 20th century. Dealing with issues such as poverty in <i>The Road to Wigan Pier</i> and <i>Down and Out in Paris and London</i>, totalitarianism in <i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i> and <i>Animal Farm</i>, and colonialism in <i>Burmese Days</i>. Orwell's works were often semi-autobiographical and in the case of <i>Homage to Catalonia</i>, wholly. Malcolm Lowry is best known for <i>Under the Volcano</i>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">Agatha Christie was a crime writer of novels, short stories and plays, best remembered for her 80 detective novels and her successful West End theatre plays. Christie's works, particularly featuring the detectives Hercule Poirot or Miss Marple, have given her the title the 'Queen of Crime' and made her one of the most important and innovative writers in the development of the genre. Christie's novels include, <i>Murder on the Orient Express</i>, <i>Death on the Nile</i> and <i>And Then There Were None</i>. Another popular writer during the Golden Age of detective fiction was Dorothy L. Sayers. The novelist Georgette Heyer created the historical romance genre.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">J. R. R. Tolkien</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">An informal literary discussion group associated with the English faculty at the University of Oxford, were the &quot;Inklings&quot;. Its leading members were the major fantasy novelists; C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien. Lewis is known for his fiction, especially <i>The Chronicles of Narnia</i>, while Tolkien is best known as the author of <i>The Hobbit</i> and <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left; line-height: 18pt" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt">In thriller writing, Ian Fleming created the character James Bond 007 in January 1952, while on holiday at his Jamaican estate, Goldeneye. Fleming chronicled Bond's adventures in twelve novels, including <i>Casino Royale</i> (1953), <i>Live and Let Die</i> (1954), <i>Dr. No</i> (1958), <i>Goldfinger</i> (1959), <i>Thunderball</i>(1961), and nine short story works. In Anthony Burgess's dystopian novel <i>A Clockwork Orange</i> (1962), the main character Alex's exercise of free will is curtailed by the use of a classical conditioning technique. Burgess creates a new speech in his novel that is the teenage slang of the not-too-distant future. Roald Dahl rose to prominence with his children's fantasy novels, often inspired by experiences from his childhood, which are notable for their often unexpected endings, and unsentimental, dark humour. Science fiction novelist Arthur C. Clarke's <i>2001: A Space Odyssey</i>, is based on his various short stories, particularly <i>The Sentinel</i>. Some notable writers in the latter half of the 20th century include Ayn Rand, Terry Pratchett, Douglas Adams, J. G. Ballard, Philip Pullman, Neil Gaiman, Alan Moore, William Golding and Salman Rushdie. Ian McEwan's <i>Atonement</i> (2001), refers to the process of forgiving or pardoning a transgression, and alludes to the main character's search for atonement in wartime England. His 2005 novel <i>Saturday</i>, follows an especially eventful day in the life of a successful neurosurgeon.&nbsp;</span></div>]]>
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<subject>英国文学选读</subject>
<author>bjterry</author>
<category>英国文学选读</category>
<pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2011 22:37:38 CST </pubDate>
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