1.   某东南亚大型地产公司开发沿海项目的项目工程报告、预决算报告；

2.  杭州黄龙商圈某知名国企开发当地标志性建筑的项目报告;

3. 某知名通信企业的移动通信工程建设的招投标文件、合同；

4. 某知名电子半导体元器件的产品说明书(产品设计成千种);

5. 某知名外资银行信用卡中心工作流程;

6. 某知名外资银行年度报告.....

等等。

因产品涉及核心机密， 恕不能详尽列出合作企业名称。本公司遵循为客户严格保密的原则，恕不接受对合作客户产品信息的详细咨询。

欢迎来电或向我们的客户服务人员咨询进一步合作的翻译文稿事宜。

Later that morning he went to a local card and novelty shop and bought a small sign that read, "I'm the Boss". He then taped it to his office door.

Later that day when he returned from lunch, he found that someone had taped a note to the sign that said. "Your wife called, she wants her sign back!"

Circle Of Life

At age 4, success is not peeing your pants.

At age 12, success is having friends.

At age 20, success is having sex.

At age 35, success is making money.

At age 60, success is having sex.

At age 70, success is having friends.

At age 80, success is not peeing your pants

My Wife Is Pregnant

A man spoke frantically (疯狂地）into the phone, "My wife is pregnant and her contractions are only two minutes apart!"

"Is this her first child?" the doctor asked.

"No!" the man shouted, "This is her husband!"

Let me in

Little Suzie was in her bedroom when her younger brother knocked on the door.

"Hey! Let me in," he shouted.

"I can't let you in because I'm in my nightgown(女睡衣） and mama says it isn't right for little boys to see little girls in their nightgowns!"

Her little brother thought about this for a moment, then turned to walk away, when Suzie called out from her room. "You can come in now! I took it off!"

Chicken Breast

Our supermarket had a sale on boneless chicken breasts, and a woman I know intended to stock up(备货，囤积）. At the store, however, she was disappointed to find only a few skimpy （不足的, 吝啬的）prepackaged portions of the poultry, so she complained to the butcher.

"Don't worry, lady," he said. "I'll pack some more trays and have them ready for you by the time you finish shopping."

Several aisles later, my friend heard the butcher's voice boom over the public-address system: "Will the lady who wanted bigger breasts please meet me at the back of the store."

What size?

A man walked into a dress shop and told the clerk he wanted to buy a surprise formal evening gown (礼服, 睡袍)for his wife.

"What size?" asked the clerk.

The man shrugged blankly.

Trying to help, the clerk inquired, "Well then, what are your wife's measurements?"

The man thought for a moment. "Small, medium, and large and in that order."

A few days later the parish received word that the bishop would be coming for a visit. The entire parish was busy readying the church for the visit.

On the day the bishop arrived, the same nun came down the front stairs yelling, "Father! Father! I found your watch!"

The bishop said, "How wonderful my child. Where did you find it?"

After saying hello to the bishop, the nun turned to the priest and said, "I found it under OUR bed."

In the beginning of creation, when God made heaven and earth, the earth was without form and void, with darkness over the face of the abyss, and a mighty wind that swept over the surface of the waters. God said, ‘Let there be light’, and there was light; and God saw that the light was good, and he separated light from darkness. He called the light day, and the darkness night. So evening came, and morning came, the first day.

God said, ‘Let there be a vault between the waters, to separate water from water. ’So God made the vault, and separated the water under the vault from the water above it, and so it was; and God called the vault heaven. Evening came, and morning came, a second day.

God said, ‘Let the waters under heaven be gathered into one place, so that dry land may appear’; and so it was. God called the dry land earth, and the gathering of the waters he called seas; and God saw that it was good. Then God said, ‘Let the earth produce fresh growth, let there be on the earth plants bearing seed, fruit-trees bearing fruit each with seed according to its kind. ’So it was; the earth yielded fresh growth, plants bearing seed according to their kind and trees bearing fruit each with seed according to its king; and God saw that it was good. Evening came, and morning came, a third day.

God said, ‘Let there be lights in the vault of heaven to separate day from night, and let them serve as signs both for festivals and for seasons and years. Let them also shine in the vault of heaven to give light on earth. ’So it was ; God made the two great lights, the greater to govern the day and the lesser to govern the night; and with them he made the stars. God put these lights in the vault of heaven to give light on earth, to govern day and night, and to separate light from darkness; and God saw that it was good. Evening came, and morning came, a fourth day.

God, said, ‘Let the waters teem with countless living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the vault of heaven. ’god then created the great sea-monsters and all living creatures that move and sw

创世记

　　太初，上帝始创天地时，大地混沌一片，是个无边无际的黑暗深渊，强风于水面刮掠。上帝说：“要有光！”立刻就有光。上帝见有光很好，就把光明与黑暗分开，称光明为昼，黑暗为夜。于是黑夜临，晨光现，是为第一天。

　　上帝说：“要有一穹窿将水上下分隔！”于是他就造穹窿，将水分开，有水于穹窿之上，亦有水于穹窿之下。上帝称穹窿为天空。黑夜再临，晨光再现，是为第二天。

　　上帝说：“天下之水要汇于一处，使干涸土地显露！”于是就出现土地。上帝称土地为陆，称汇集之水为海。上帝见如此很好。又说：“要大地生机蓬勃，地上要有能结实之树木，果子要各有其籽实！”于是大地生机蓬勃，出现无数瓜果树木，籽实累累。上帝见如此很好。黑夜又临，晨光再现，是为第三天。

　　上帝说：“天穹中要有光体以区分昼夜，要使光体为节令与年月季候之标志，并使于天穹中发出光辉，照亮大地！”于是，上帝造两个巨大光体，较大之日司昼，较小之月掌夜，并造了星辰。上帝把日月星辰置于天穹之中以照亮大地，司昼夜、分明暗。上帝见如此很好。黑夜临，晨光现，是为第四天。

　　上帝说：“水中要有万种游鱼，地上要有无数飞鸟”于是上帝创造出种类繁多的大小鱼类及飞鸟。上帝见如此很好。于是赐福与他们，说：“让海中游鱼，天上飞鸟滋生繁衍！”黑夜临 ，晨光现，是为第五天。

　　上帝说：“地上要有爬虫走兽，大小牲畜，各从其类！”上帝就创造走兽，牲畜和爬行动物，各从其类。上帝见如此很。他说：“要按我形象造人以治理海中游鱼、空中飞鸟以及地上各种爬虫走兽。”于是，上帝按自己形象造出人类，造出男与女。上帝祝福他们说：“你们要生育繁衍，散布及开拓全世界，要做海中鱼、空中鸟与地上爬虫走兽之主宰！”上帝还说：“我要使地上到处生长瓜果，结满籽实，赐与你们为食。我要把青草绿树全赐飞禽走兽、游鱼爬虫、以及一切生物为食。”话语间一切均成现实。上帝见到所造之一切，他十分满意。黑夜临，晨光现，是为第六日。

　　天地万物已造齐。到第六日，上帝造物工作全部完毕。第七天，他停止工作。上帝赐福于第七天，称之为圣日，因那天他要做的一切都已完成，无须工作了。

　　这就是上帝开天辟地的故事。

To the Shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.:

致所有股东:

Our gain in net worth during 1987 was $464 million, or 19.5%. Over the last 23 years (that is, since present management took over), our per-share book value has grown from $19.46 to $2,477.47, or at a rate of 23.1% compounded annually.

本公司在1978年的净值增加了四亿六千四百万，较去年增加了19.5%，而过去23年以来(自从现有经营阶层接手后)，每股净值从19元成长到现在的2,477美元，年复合成长率约23.1%。

What counts, of course, is the rate of gain in per-share business value, not book value. In many cases, a corporation's book value and business value are almost totally unrelated. For example, just before they went bankrupt, LTV and Baldwin-United published yearend audits showing their book values to be 652 million and $397 million, respectively. Conversely, Belridge Oil was sold to Shell in 1979 for $3.6 billion although its book value was only $177 million.

真正重要的当然是企业每股实际价值，而非帐面价值的增加，在许多情况下一家公司的帐面与其实际价值一点关连都没有，举例来说，LTV与鲍德温联合公司就在宣布破产之前的会计师签证的年度报告还显示，帐面各有净值六亿与四亿美金，但是另一个公司Belridge石油在1979年以36亿美元高价卖给壳牌石油之时，帐面净值却不到两亿。

At Berkshire, however, the two valuations have tracked rather closely, with the growth rate in business value over the last decade moderately outpacing the growth rate in book value. This good news continued in 1987.

不过在波克夏两者成长的趋势倒是蛮相近的，过去十年公司的实际价值成长率略高于帐面价值成长率，很高兴这种好现象在今年也能持续维持。

Our premium of business value to book value has widened for two simple reasons: We own some remarkable businesses and they are run by even more remarkable managers.

我们企业价值对帐面价值的差距，因为以下二个简单的原因又扩大了一点，一是我们拥有优秀的企业，一是这些企业皆由最优秀的经理人在管理。

You have a right to question that second assertion. After all, CEOs seldom tell their shareholders that they have assembled a bunch of turkeys to run things. Their reluctance to do so makes for some strange annual reports. Oftentimes, in his shareholders' letter, a CEO will go on for pages detailing corporate performance that is woefully inadequate. He will nonetheless end with a warm paragraph describing his managerial comrades as "our most precious asset." Such comments sometimes make you wonder what the other assets can possibly be.

各位有理由对第二个原因表示意见，因为一家企业的总经理很少会告诉公司股东说，你们所投资的公司是由一群笨蛋组成的经营阶层来管理，而也就是为了要避免露出马脚，所以常常使得一些公司常常会出现相当诡异的财务报表。通常在致股东的报告中，CEO会花一大篇幅详细描述过去企业的表现是如何的不当，最后不可免俗地会以感性的语气来形容其所带领的公司干部实在是公司最珍贵的资产，这种形容有时会让人搞不清楚那其它的资产到底又算是什么?

At Berkshire, however, my appraisal of our operating managers is, if anything, understated. To understand why, first take a look at page 7, where we show the earnings (on an historical-cost accounting basis) of our seven largest non-financial units: Buffalo News, Fechheimer, Kirby, Nebraska Furniture Mart, Scott Fetzer Manufacturing Group, See's Candies, and World Book. In 1987, these seven business units had combined operating earnings before interest and taxes of $180 million.

不过在波克夏，我个人对于管理干部任何的称赞都是很容易让人理解的，首先请看看第七页，显示本公司七个非金融业的主要企业-水牛城报纸、费区海默西服、寇比吸尘器、内布拉斯加家具、史考特飞兹集团、喜斯糖果与世界百科全书的获利状况(以历史成本会计基础)，1987年这七家公司的年度在扣除利息与所得税前的获利高达一亿八千万美元

By itself, this figure says nothing about economic performance. To evaluate that, we must know how much total capital - debt and equity - was needed to produce these earnings. Debt plays an insignificant role at our seven units: Their net interest expense in 1987 was only $2 million. Thus, pre-tax earnings on the equity capital employed by these businesses amounted to $178 million. And this equity - again on a historical-cost basis - was only $175 million.

单独这数字本身并不足以说明其特殊性，但若你知道他们利用多少资金就达到这项成果时，你就知道他们是如何地了不起了，事实上这些公司的负债比例都非常的低，去年的利息费用总共加起来也不过只有二百万美元，所以合计税前获利一亿七千八百万，而帐列的历史投资股本竟只有一亿七千五百万！

If these seven business units had operated as a single company, their 1987 after-tax earnings would have been approximately $100 million - a return of about 57% on equity capital. You'll seldom see such a percentage anywhere, let alone at large, diversified companies with nominal leverage. Here's a benchmark: In its 1988 Investor's Guide issue, Fortune reported that among the 500 largest industrial companies and 500 largest service companies, only six had averaged a return on equity of over 30% during the previous decade. The best performer among the 1000 was Commerce Clearing House at 40.2%.

若把这七家公司视作是单一个体公司，则税后净利约为一亿美元，股东权益投资报酬率更将高达57%，即使财务杠杆再高，你也很难在一般公司看到这种比率，根据财星杂志在1988年出版的投资人手册，在全美五百大制造业与五百大服务业中，只有六家公司过去十年的股东权益报酬率超过30%，最高的一家也不过只有40.2%。

Of course, the returns that Berkshire earns from these seven units are not as high as their underlying returns because, in aggregate, we bought the businesses at a substantial premium to underlying equity capital. Overall, these operations are carried on our books at about $222 million above the historical accounting values of the underlying assets. However, the managers of the units should be judged by the returns they achieve on the underlying assets; what we pay for a business does not affect the mount of capital its manager has to work with. (If, to become a shareholder and part owner of Commerce Clearing House, you pay, say, six times book value, that does not change CCH's return on equity.)

当然Berkshire真正从这些公司赚得的报酬并没有那么地高，因为当初买下这些公司时，支付了相当的溢价才取得这些股份，经过统计我们在这些公司原始投资超过其帐列的股权净值的溢价金额约为二亿二千二百万美元，当然要判断这些公司经理人的绩效应该是要看他们创造的盈余是靠多少资产所产生的，至于我们用多少钱买下这些公司与经理人的绩效并无关联，就算你用高于净值六倍的价钱买下一家公司，同样也不会影响该公司的股东权益报酬率。

Three important inferences can be drawn from the figures I have cited. First, the current business value of these seven units is far above their historical book value and also far above the value at which they are carried on Berkshire's balance sheet. Second, because so little capital is required to run these businesses, they can grow while concurrently making almost all of their earnings available for deployment in new opportunities. Third, these businesses are run by truly extraordinary managers. The Blumkins, the Heldmans, Chuck Huggins, Stan Lipsey, and Ralph Schey all held unusual talent, energy and character to achieve exceptional financial results.

以上所提数字代表着三项重要的指针，首先现在这七家企业的真正价值远高于其帐面净值，同样也远高于Berkshire帐列的投资成本，第二因为经营这些事业并不需要太多的资金，所以这些公司利用所赚取的盈余便足以支应本身业务的发展，第三这些事业都由非常能干的经理人在经营，像是Blumkins家族、Heldmans、Chuck Huggins、Stan Lipsey与Ralph Schey皆兼具才干、精力与品格，将旗下事业经营的有声有色。

For good reasons, we had very high expectations when we joined with these managers. In every case, however, our experience has greatly exceeded those expectations. We have received far more than we deserve, but we are willing to accept such inequities. (We subscribe to the view Jack Benny expressed upon receiving an acting award: "I don't deserve this, but then, I have arthritis and I don't deserve that either.")

也因此当初这些明星经理人加入时，我们并抱持着极高的期待，事后证明得到的结果远高于预期，我们获得远高于我们所应得的，当然我们很乐意接受这样不公平的对待，我们借用杰克班尼在获得最佳男主角时的感言：「我不应该得到这个奖项，但同样地我也不应该得到关节炎。」

Beyond the Sainted Seven, we have our other major unit, insurance, which I believe also has a usiness value well above the net assets employed in it. However, appraising the business value of a property-casualty insurance company is a decidedly imprecise process. The industry is volatile, reported earnings oftentimes are seriously inaccurate, and recent changes in the Tax Code will severely hurt future profitability. Despite these problems, we like the business and it will almost certainly remain our largest operation. Under Mike Goldberg's management, the insurance business should treat us well over time.

除了这七个圣徒之外，我们还有一项主要的事业-保险，同样地我也认为它的价值远高于其帐列的资产，只是要评估一家产物意外险公司的价值就没有办法那么明确了，这个产业变动很大，报表所列的获利数字有时会有很大的偏差，而且最近税法修正对我们未来年度的获利有很大的影响，尽管如此保险事业仍会是我们经营事业的最大重心，在Mike Goldberg的管理之下，保险事业的报酬仍可期待。

With managers like ours, my partner, Charlie Munger, and I have little to do with operations. in fact, it is probably fair to say that if we did more, less would be accomplished. We have no corporate meetings, no corporate budgets, and no performance reviews (though our managers, of course, oftentimes find such procedures useful at their operating units). After all, what can we tell the Blumkins about home furnishings, or the Heldmans about uniforms?

有这些优秀的专业经理人，在事业的日常营运上，查理孟格跟我实在是没有什么好费心思的地方，事实上，平心而论我们管的越多，可能只会把事情搞砸，在Berkshire我们没有企业会议，也没有年度预算，更没有绩效考核(当然各个企业单位因应自身所需，有自己的一套管理办法) ，但总的来说，我们实在没有什么可以告诉指导Blumkin如何去卖家具事业或是指导Heldman家族如何经营制服事业。

Our major contribution to the operations of our subsidiaries is applause. But it is not the indiscriminate applause of a Pollyanna. Rather it is informed applause based upon the two long careers we have spent intensively observing business performance and managerial behavior. Charlie and I have seen so much of the ordinary in business that we can truly appreciate a virtuoso performance. Only one response to the 1987 performance of our operating managers is appropriate: sustained, deafening applause.

我们对于这些所属事业单位最重要的支持就是适时地给予掌声，但这绝对不是在做烂好人，相反地这是长久下来我们深入观察这些企业的经营结果与管理当局的作为所给予的正面肯定，我们两个人这些年来看过太多平庸企业的表现，所以我们是真正地珍惜他们艺术级的演出，对于1987年旗下子公司整体的表现，我们只能报以热烈的掌声，而且是震耳欲聋的掌声。

Sources of Reported Earnings

盈余的来源

 

The table on the following page shows the major sources of Berkshire's reported earnings. In the table, amortization of Goodwill and other major purchase-price accounting adjustments are not charged against the specific businesses to which they apply but, instead, are aggregated and shown separately. In effect, this procedure presents the earnings of our businesses as they would have been reported had we not purchased them. In appendixes to my letters in the 1983 and 1986 annual reports, I explained why this form of presentation seems to us to be more useful to investors and managers than the standard GAAP presentation, which makes purchase-price adjustments on a business-by business basis. The total net earnings we show in the table are, of course, identical to the GAAP figures in our audited financial statements.

下表显示Berkshire主要盈余的来源，其中商誉的摊销与购买法的会计调整数，特别从各个企业挑出汇总成单独一栏，事实上这样的目的是为了让旗下事业的经营绩效，不因我们买下他们而有所影响，在1983与1986年的年报中，我已不只一次的解释这样的表达方式会比依照一般公认会计原则更符合管理当局与投资者的需要，当然最后加总结算的数字，还是会与会计师出具的财务报表上的盈余数字完全一致。

In the Business Segment Data on pages 36-38 and in the Management's Discussion section on pages 40-44 you will find much additional information about our businesses. In these sections you will also find our segment earnings reported on a GAAP basis. I urge you to read that material, as well as Charlie Munger's letter to Wesco shareholders, describing the various businesses of that subsidiary, which starts on page 45.

在后面的部门别信息中，大家可以找到个别事业的详细信息，除此之外，我也强烈建议大家一定要看查理写给Wesco股东叙述其旗下事业情况的一封信

1987 Unit:US'000
Earnings Before Income Tax After Income Tax
Percent Total Berkshire Share Berkshire Share
Earnings from Operation
Insurance Group
Underwriting (55,429) (20,696)
Net Investment Income 152,483 136,658



Buffalio News 39,410 21,304
Fechheimer 13,332 6,580

Kirby 22,408 12,891

Nebraska Furniture Mart 16,837 7,554

Scott Fetzer-Diversified 30,591 17,555
See's Candies 31,693 17,363
Wesco Financial Corporation-Parent 6,209 4,978
World Book 25,745 15,136
Amortization of Goodwill (2,862) (2,862)
Interest on Debt (11,474) (5,905)
Shareholder's Contribution (4,938) (2,963)
Other 16,914 7,152
0 280,919 　 214,745

Realized Securities Gain 27,319 19,807
Total Earnings-all entities 0 308,238 　 234,552

Gypsy Rose Lee announced on one of her later birthdays: "I have everything I had last year; it's just that it's all two inches lower." As the table shows, during 1987 almost all of our businesses aged in a more upbeat way.

Gypsy Rose Lee在她晚年的一场生日宴会上宣布：「我还是拥有去年所有的一切，现在唯一的差别是全部都矮了两吋。」如同本表所示，在1987年几乎我们所有的事业都又成长的一岁。

There's not a lot new to report about these businesses - and that's good, not bad. Severe change and exceptional returns usually don't mix. Most investors, of course, behave as if just the opposite were true. That is, they usually confer the highest price-earnings ratios on exotic-sounding businesses that hold out the promise of feverish change. That prospect lets investors fantasize about future profitability rather than face today's business realities. For such investor-dreamers, any blind date is preferable to one with the girl next door, no matter how desirable she may be.

我们旗下这些事业实在是没有什么新的变化可以特别提出报告的，所谓没有消息就是好消息，剧烈的变动通常不会有特别好的绩效，当然这与大部分的投资人认为的刚好相反，大家通常将最高的本益比给予那些擅长画大饼的企业，这些美好的远景会让投资人不顾现实经营的情况，而一昧幻想未来可能的获利美梦，对于这种爱做梦的投资人来说，任何路边的野花，都会比邻家的女孩来的具吸引力，不管后者是如何贤慧。

Experience, however, indicates that the best business returns are usually achieved by companies that are doing something quite similar today to what they were doing five or ten years ago. That is no argument for managerial complacency. Businesses always have opportunities to improve service, product lines, manufacturing techniques, and the like, and obviously these opportunities should be seized. But a business that constantly encounters major change also encounters many chances for major error. Furthermore, economic terrain that is forever shifting violently is ground on which it is difficult to build a fortress-like business franchise. Such a franchise is usually the key to sustained high returns.

经验显示，能够创造盈余新高的企业，现在做生意的方式通常与其五年前甚至十年前没有多大的差异，当然管理当局绝对不能够太过自满，因为企业总有不断的机会可以改善本身的服务、产品线、制造能力等等，且绝对必须要好好把握，不过一家公司若是为了改变而改变，反而可能增加犯错的机会，讲的更深入一点，在一块动荡不安的土地之上，是不太可能建造一座固若金汤的城堡，而具有这样稳定特质的企业却是持续创造高获利的关键。

The Fortune study I mentioned earlier supports our view. Only 25 of the 1,000 companies met two tests of economic excellence - an average return on equity of over 20% in the ten years, 1977 through 1986, and no year worse than 15%. These business superstars were also stock market superstars: During the decade, 24 of the 25 outperformed the S&P 500.

先前提到财星杂志的研究，可以充分支持我的论点，在1977年到1986年间，总计1,000家中只有25家能够达到连续十年平均股东权益报酬率达到20%的标准，且没有一年低于15%的双重标准，而这些优质企业同时也是股票市场上的宠儿，在所有的25家中有24家的表现超越S&P500指数。

The Fortune champs may surprise you in two respects. First, most use very little leverage compared to their interest-paying capacity. Really good businesses usually don't need to borrow. Second, except for one company that is "high-tech" and several others that manufacture ethical drugs, the companies are in businesses that, on balance, seem rather mundane. Most sell non-sexy products or services in much the same manner as they did ten years ago (though in larger quantities now, or at higher prices, or both). The record of these 25 companies confirms that making the most of an already strong business franchise, or concentrating on a single winning business theme, is what usually produces exceptional economics.

这些财富之星可能让你大开眼界，首先相对于本身支付利息的能力，他们所运用的财务杠杆极其有限，一家真正好的公司是不需要借钱的，第二除了有一家是所谓的高科技公司，另外少数几家属于制药业以外，大多数的公司产业相当平凡普通，大部分现在销售的产品或服务与十年前大致相同，(虽然数量或是价格、或是两者都有，比以前高很多)，这些公司的记录显示，充分运用现有产业地位，或是专注在单一领导的产品品牌之上通常是创造企业暴利的不二法门。

Berkshire's experience has been similar. Our managers have produced extraordinary results by doing rather ordinary things - but doing them exceptionally well. Our managers protect their franchises, they control costs, they search for new products and markets that build on their existing strengths and they don't get diverted. They work exceptionally hard at the details of their businesses, and it shows.

事实上我们在Berkshire的经验正是如此，我们的专业经理人所以能够缔造优异的成绩，所从事的业务相当平凡，但重点是把它们做到极致，经理人致力于保护企业本身、控制成本，基于现有能力寻找新产品与新市场来巩固既有优势，他们从不受外界诱惑，钜细靡遗地专注于企业之上，而其成绩有目共睹。

Here's an update:

以下是近况报导

 

Agatha Christie, whose husband was an archaeologist, said that was the perfect profession for one's spouse: "The older you become, the more interested they are in you." It is students of business management, not archaeologists, who should be interested in Mrs. B (Rose Blumkin), the 94-year-old chairman of Nebraska Furniture Mart.

克里思蒂小姐嫁给一位考古学家，她曾说︰「配偶最理想的职业就是考古学家，因为你越老，他就越有兴趣」，事实上应该是商学院而非考古学系的学生，需要多多研究B太太-这位NFM高龄94岁的负责人。

Fifty years ago Mrs. B started the business with $500, and today NFM is far and away the largest home furnishings store in the country. Mrs. B continues to work seven days a week at the job from the opening of each business day until the close. She buys, she sells, she manages - and she runs rings around the competition. It's clear to me that she's gathering speed and may well reach her full potential in another five or ten years. Therefore, I've persuaded the Board to scrap our mandatory retirement-at-100 policy. (And it's about time: With every passing year, this policy has seemed sillier to me.)

五十年以前B太太以五百块美金创业，到如今NFM已是全美远近驰名的家具量贩店，但是B太太还是一样从早到晚，一个礼拜工作七天，掌管采购、销售与管理，我很确定她现在正蓄势待发，准备在未来的五到十年内，全力冲刺再创高峰，也因此我已说服董事会取消一百岁强迫退休的年龄上限，(也该是时候了，随着时光的流逝，越来我越相信这个规定是该修改了)

Net sales of NFM were $142.6 million in 1987, up 8% from 1986. There's nothing like this store in the country, and there's nothing like the family Mrs. B has produced to carry on: Her son Louie, and his three boys, Ron, Irv and Steve, possess the business instincts, integrity and drive of Mrs. B. They work as a team and, strong as each is individually, the whole is far greater than the sum of the parts.

去年(1987年) NFM的销货净额是一亿四千多万美元，较前一年度成长8%，这是全美独一无二的一家店，也是全美独一无二的家族，B太太跟她三个儿子拥有天生的生意头脑、品格与冲劲，且分工合作，团结一致。

The superb job done by the Blumkins benefits us as owners, but even more dramatically benefits NFM's customers. They saved about $30 million in 1987 by buying from NFM. In other words, the goods they bought would have cost that much more if purchased elsewhere.

B太太家族的杰出表现，不但让身为股东的我们受益良多，NFM的客户们更受惠更大，只要选择NFM的产品据估计光是1987年就可省下至少三千万美元，换句话说若客户到别处去买可能要贵上这么多钱。

You'll enjoy an anonymous letter I received last August: "Sorry to see Berkshire profits fall in the second quarter. One way you may gain back part of your lost. (sic) Check the pricing at The Furniture Mart. You will find that they are leaving 10% to 20% on the table. This additional profit on $140 million of sells (sic) is $28 million. Not small change in anyone's pocket! Check out other furniture, carpet, appliance and T.V. dealers. Your raising prices to a reasonable profit will help. Thank you.
/signed/ A Competitor."

去年我接到一封无名氏所写的相当有趣的信︰「很遗憾看到Berkshire第二季的获利下滑，想要提高 贵公司的获利吗? 有一个不错的法子，去查查NFM的产品售价，你会发现他们把一、两成的获利空间白白奉送给客户，算算一年一亿四千万的营业额，那可是二千八百万的利润，这个数字实在是相当可观，再看看别家家具、地毯或是电器用品的价格，你就会发现把价格调回来是再合理不过了
谢谢
一位竞争同业留」

NFM will continue to grow and prosper by following Mrs. B's maxim: "Sell cheap and tell the truth."

展望未来NFM在B太太「价格公道实在」的座右铭领导下，必将继续成长茁壮。

Among dominant papers of its size or larger, the Buffalo News continues to be the national leader in two important ways: (1) its weekday and Sunday penetration rate (the percentage of households in the paper's primary market area that purchase it); and (2) its "news-hole" percentage (the portion of the paper devoted to news).

在全美相同规模(或甚至更大)的报纸中，水牛城报纸有两个特点第一、它在平时与假日的普及率最高(即订户数在该地区家户数的比率)，第二是新闻比率最高(新闻版面占总版面的比率)

It may not be coincidence that one newspaper leads in both categories: an exceptionally "newsrich" product makes for broad audience appeal, which in turn leads to high penetration. Of course, quantity must be matched by quality. This not only means good reporting and good writing; it means freshness and relevance. To be indispensable, a paper must promptly tell its readers many things they want to know but won't otherwise learn until much later, if ever.

事实上一份报纸能够同时拥有这两项特色绝对不是巧合，因为新闻内容越丰富，也就越能吸引更广泛的读者，从而提高普及率，当然除了量之外，新闻品质也很重要，这不但代表要有好的报导与编辑，也代表要有实时性与关联性，为了让报纸成为读者们不可或缺的东西，它必须能够马上告诉读者许多他们想要知道的事情，而不是等读者们都已知道后，事后报纸才刊登出来。

At the News, we put out seven fresh editions every 24 hours, each one extensively changed in content. Here's a small example that may surprise you: We redo the obituary page in every edition of the News, or seven times a day. Any obituary added runs through the next six editions until the publishing cycle has been completed.

以水牛城日报来说我们平均每24小时出七个版本，每次内容都会更新，举一个简单的例子就足以让人感到惊奇，光是每天的讣文就会更新七次，也就是说每则新增的讣文会在报纸上连续刊登七个版。

It's vital, of course, for a newspaper to cover national and international news well and in depth. But it is also vital for it to do what only a local newspaper can: promptly and extensively chronicle the personally-important, otherwise-unreported details of community life. Doing this job well requires a very broad range of news - and that means lots of space, intelligently used.

当然一份新闻也必须要有有深度的全国与国际性新闻，但一份地区性的报纸也必须及时并广泛地报导社区动态，要把这点做好除了必须要有足够的空间，并加以有效地运用。

Our news hole was about 50% in 1987, just as it has been year after year. If we were to cut it to a more typical 40%, we would save approximately $4 million annually in newsprint costs. That interests us not at all - and it won't interest us even if, for one reason or another, our profit margins should significantly shrink.

如同往年，去年(1987年)我们的新闻比大约是50%，若是我们把这比率砍到一般40%的水准，我们一年约可省下四百万美金的新闻成本，但我们从来都不会考虑如此做，就算哪一天我们的获利大幅缩减也是一样。

Charlie and I do not believe in flexible operating budgets, as in "Non-direct expenses can be X if revenues are Y, but must be reduced if revenues are Y - 5%." Should we really cut our news hole at the Buffalo News, or the quality of product and service at See's, simply because profits are down during a given year or quarter? Or, conversely, should we add a staff economist, a corporate strategist, an institutional advertising campaign or something else that does Berkshire no good simply because the money currently is rolling in? That makes no sense to us. We neither understand the adding of unneeded people or activities because profits are booming, nor the cutting of essential people or activities because profitability is shrinking. That kind of yo-yo approach is neither business-like nor humane. Our goal is to do what makes sense for Berkshire's customers and employees at all times, and never to add the unneeded. ("But what about the corporate jet?" you rudely ask. Well, occasionally a man must rise above principle.)

基本上查理跟我都不太相信营业预算，像是「间接费用必须缩减，因为预估营业收入不若以往」之类的说法，。如果有一天我们必须降低新闻比率或是牺牲喜斯糖果的品质与服务，以提升疲弱不振的获利表现，或是相反地因为Berkshire太多钱以致现金花不完，就去聘请经济分析师、公关顾问等对公司一点帮助都没有的人。这些做法一点道理都没有，我们完全不了解为何有些公司因为公司赚太多钱就增加一些没有用的人来消化预算，或是因为获利不佳就砍掉一些关键的人事，这种变来变去的方式既不符合人性也不符合商业原则，我们的目标是不论如何都要做对Berkshire的客户与员工有意义的事，(你可能会问那公司专机又是怎么一回事??嗯!我想有时一个人总会有忘了原则的时候)

Although the News' revenues have grown only moderately since 1984, superb management by Stan Lipsey, its publisher, has produced excellent profit growth. For several years, I have incorrectly predicted that profit margins at the News would fall. This year I will not let vou down: Margins will, without question, shrink in 1988 and profit may fall as well. Skyrocketing newsprint costs will be the major cause.

虽然水牛城新闻的营收最近几年只有些微的成长，但在发行人Stan Lipsey杰出的管理之下，获利却反而大幅成长，有好几年我甚至错误地预测该报的获利会下滑，而同样地今年我也不会让大家失望，1988年不管是毛利或者是获利都会缩水，其中新闻印刷成本的飞涨是主要的原因。

Fechheimer Bros. Company is another of our family businesses - and, like the Blumkins, what a family. Three generations of Heldmans have for decades consistently, built the sales and profits of this manufacturer and distributor of uniforms. In the year that Berkshire acquired its controlling interest in Fechheimer - 1986 - profits were a record. The Heldmans didn't slow down after that. Last year earnings increased substantially and the outlook is good for 1988.

费区海默兄弟公司是我们旗下另一个家族企业，而就像Blumkins一样是个非常杰出的家族，Heldmans家族三代几十年来，努力不懈地建立了这家制服制造与销售公司，而在Berkshire取得所有权的1986年，该公司的获利更创新高，此后Heldmans家族并未停下脚步，去年(1987年)盈余又大幅增加，而展望今年(1988年)前景更是看好。

There's nothing magic about the Uniform business; the only magic is in the Heldmans. Bob, George, Gary, Roger and Fred know the business inside and out, and they have fun running it. We are fortunate to be in partnership with them.

在制服事业大概没有什么出奇的事，唯一的惊奇就是Heldmans家族，Bob、George、Gary、Roger跟Fred，对于这行业熟的不能再熟，同时也乐在其中，我们何其有幸能与他们一起合作共事。

 

Chuck Huggins continues to set new records at See's, just as he has ever since we put him in charge on the day of our purchase some 16 years ago. In 1987, volume hit a new high at slightly Under 25 million pounds. For the second year in a row, moreover, same-store sales, measured in pounds, were virtually unchanged. In case you are wondering, that represents improvement: In each of the previous six years, same-store sales had fallen.

Chuck Huggins持续为喜斯糖果缔造新猷，自从十六年前我们买下这家公司，并请他主掌这项事业时，便一直是如此，在1987年糖果销售量创下近二千五百万英镑的新高，同时连续第二年单店平均营业额维持不坠，你可能会觉得没什么了不起，事实上这已是相当大的改善，因为过去连续六年数字都呈现下滑的趋势。

Although we had a particularly strong 1986 Christmas season, we racked up better store-for-store comparisons in the 1987 Christmas season than at any other time of the year. Thus, the seasonal factor at See's becomes even more extreme. In 1987, about 85% of our profit was earned during December.

虽然1986年的圣诞节特别旺，但1987年的记录比86年还要好，使得季节因素对喜斯糖果来说越来越重要，经统计去年一整年约有85%的获利是在十二月单月所创造的。

Candy stores are fun to visit, but most have not been fun for their owners. From what we can learn, practically no one besides See's has made significant profits in recent years from the operation of candy shops. Clearly, Chuck's record at See's is not due to a rising industry tide. Rather, it is a one-of-a-kind performance.

糖果店是个很好玩的地方，但对大部分的老板来说就不那么有趣了，就我们所知，这几年来除了喜斯赚大钱之外，其它糖果店的经营皆相当惨淡，所以很明显的喜斯搭的并不是顺风车，它的表现是扎扎实实的。

His achievement requires an excellent product - which we have - but it also requires genuine affection for the customer. Chuck is 100% customer-oriented, and his attitude sets the tone for the rest of the See's organization.

这项成就当然需要优秀的产品，这个倒不是问题，因为我们确实拥有，但除此之外它还需要对客户衷心的服务，Chuck可以说是百分之百地为客户设想，而他的态度更直接感染到公司上下所有的员工。

Here's an example of Chuck in action: At See's we regularly add new pieces of candy to our mix and also cull a few to keep our product line at about 100 varieties. Last spring we selected 14 items for elimination. Two, it turned out, were badly missed by our customers, who wasted no time in letting us know what they thought of our judgment: "A pox on all in See's who participated in the abominable decision...;" "May your new truffles melt in transit, may they sour in people's mouths, may your costs go up and your profits go down...;" "We are investigating the possibility of obtaining a mandatory injunction requiring you to supply...;" You get the picture. In all, we received many hundreds of letters.

以下是一个具体的例证，在喜斯我们通常会定期增添新的口味并删除旧的口味以维持大约一百种组合，去年我们淘汰了14种口味，结果其中有两种让我们的客户无法忘怀，而不断地表达他们对我们这种举动的不满，「愿喜斯所有做出这种卑鄙决定的相关人士嘴巴流脓长疮；愿你们新的巧克力糖在运送途中融化；愿你们吃到酸掉的糖果；愿你们的亏大钱；我们正试图寻求要求你们恢复供应原有口味的法院强制令」，总计最后我们收到好几百封的抱怨信。

Chuck not only reintroduced the pieces, he turned this miscue into an opportunity. Each person who had written got a complete and honest explanation in return. Said Chuck's letter: "Fortunately, when I make poor decisions, good things often happen as a result...;" And with the letter went a special gift certificate.

为此Chuck不但重新推出原来的口味，他还将危机化为转机，所有来信的客户都得到完整且诚实的回复，信上是这样写的︰「虽然我们做出错误的决定，但值得庆幸的是最后得以以喜剧收场」，随信还附赠一个特别的小礼物。

See's increased prices only slightly in the last two years. In 1988 we have raised prices somewhat more, though still moderately. To date, sales have been weak and it may be difficult for See's to improve its earnings this year.

过去两年喜斯糖果仅稍微地涨价，在今年(1988年)我们仍会继续调涨价格，幅度还算合理，只是截至目前为止销售持续低迷，预计今年公司盈余将难再有继续成长的可能性。

World Book, Kirby, and the Scott Fetzer Manufacturing Group are all under the management of Ralph Schey. And what a lucky thing for us that they are. I told you last year that Scott Fetzer performance in 1986 had far exceeded the expectations that Charlie and I had at the time of our purchase. Results in 1987 were even better. Pre-tax earnings rose 10% while average capital employed declined significantly.

世界百科全书、寇比吸尘器与史考特费兹制造集团皆由Ralph所领导，很高兴我们能做这样的安排，去年我曾告诉各位史考特费兹集团在我们买下公司的当年度-1986年的表现超乎预期，但去年1987年的表现更出色，税前获利成长了10%，但所耗费的资金却较前年大幅缩减。

Ralph's mastery of the 19 businesses for which he is responsible is truly amazing, and he has also attracted some outstanding managers to run them. We would love to find a few additional units that could be put under Ralph's wing.

Ralph同时掌管19项事业的方式实在是令人叹为观止，同时他也吸引了一群优秀的经理人协助他经营事业，我们很乐意在多找一些事业交到Ralph旗下去经营。

The businesses of Scott Fetzer are too numerous to describe in detail. Let's just update you on one of our favorites: At the end of 1987, World Book introduced its most dramatically-revised edition since 1962. The number of color photos was increased from 14,000 to 24,000; over 6,000 articles were revised; 840 new contributors were added. Charlie and I recommend this product to you and your family, as we do World Book's products for younger children, Childcraft and Early World of Learning.

由于史考特费兹的事业范围过于繁杂，在此不便详述，这里谨就其中一项我们的最爱-世界百科全书加以介绍，去年底世界百科全书推出自1962年以来改版最多的最新版本，全套书中的彩色照片从14,000祯增加到24,000祯，超过6,000篇文章从新编写，840位作者参与；查理跟我衷心向您与您的家庭推荐包含世界百科全书与儿童工艺等一系列的套书。

In 1987, World Book unit sales in the United States increased for the fifth consecutive year. International sales and profits also grew substantially. The outlook is good for Scott Fetzer operations in aggregate, and for World Book in particular.

在去年该套书在美国地区销售量连续第五年成长，国外地区的销量与获利亦大幅增加，史考特费兹集团前景看好，尤其世界百科全书更是如此。

Insurance Operations

保险事业营运

 

Shown below is an updated version of our usual table presenting key figures for the insurance industry:

下表是我们惯用保险业主要指数的最近更新数字

 

Yearly Change in Combined Ratio Yearly Change in GNP Deflators
Premiums Written Incurred Loss
1981 3.8% 106.0% 6.5% 9.7%
1982 4.4% 109.8% 8.4% 6.4%
1983 4.6% 112.0% 6.8% 3.9%
1984 9.2% 117.9% 16.9% 3.8%
1985 22.1% 116.5% 16.1% 3.3%
1986 (Rev.) 22.2% 108.0% 13.5% 2.6%
1987 (Est.) 8.7% 104.7% 6.8% 3.0%


The combined ratio represents total insurance costs (losses incurred plus expenses) compared to revenue from premiums: A ratio below 100 indicates an underwriting profit, and one above 100 indicates a loss. When the investment income that an insurer earns from holding on to policyholders' funds ("the float") is taken into account, a combined ratio in the 107-111 range typically produces an overall break-even result, exclusive of earnings on the funds provided by shareholders.

综合比率代表所有保险成本(发生损失加上费用)占保费收入的比率，一百以下表示有承保的获利，一百以上则有承保的损失，若考量保险公司利用保费收入(浮存金)所赚取的投资收益列入计算，则107到111之间大约是损益两平点，当然这是不包含公司自有资金所运用的收益。

The math of the insurance business, encapsulated by the table, is not very complicated. In years when the industry's annual gain in revenues (premiums) pokes along at 4% or 5%, underwriting losses are sure to mount. That is not because auto accidents, fires, windstorms and the like are occurring more frequently, nor has it lately been the fault of general inflation. Today, social and judicial inflation are the major culprits; the cost of entering a courtroom has simply ballooned. Part of the jump in cost arises from skyrocketing verdicts, and part from the tendency of judges and juries to expand the coverage of insurance policies beyond that contemplated by the insurer when the policies were written. Seeing no let-up in either trend, we continue to believe that the industry's revenues must grow at about 10% annually for it to just hold its own in terms of profitability, even though general inflation may be running at a considerably lower rate.

保险事业的数字，若以上面那张简表来说明，事实上并不会太复杂，当同业平均保费收入年成长只在4%或5%徘徊，则当年承保损失一定会上升，原因不在于车祸、火灾、暴风等意外事件发生更频繁，也不是因为一般通货膨胀的关系。主要的祸首在于今天社会与司法过度膨胀，法律诉讼费用暴增，一方面是因为诉讼更频繁，一方面是由于陪审团与法官倾向扩大保险单上的保险理赔范围，若这种乱象不能加以抑止，则保险公司每年至少要有10%以上的保费收入年成长，才有办法收支打平，即使在通货膨胀相对温和的状况下也是如此。

The strong revenue gains of 1985-87 almost guaranteed the industry an excellent underwriting performance in 1987 and, indeed, it was a banner year. But the news soured as the quarters rolled by: Best's estimates that year-over-year volume increases were 12.9%, 11.1%, 5.7%, and 5.6%. In 1988, the revenue gain is certain to be far below our 10% "equilibrium" figure. Clearly, the party is over.

过去三年来保费收入的大幅成长几乎可以确定今年同业的绩效都会相当不错，事实证明也是如此，不过接下来的情况可就不太妙了，根据Best's统计预估，1988年的每季的成长率将由12.9%按季逐渐下滑至11.1%、5.7%、5.6%，可以确定的是1988年的保费成长一定会低于10%的损益两平点，很明显的好日子已经不多了。

However, earnings will not immediately sink. A lag factor exists in this industry: Because most policies are written for a one-year term, higher or lower insurance prices do not have their full impact on earnings until many months after they go into effect. Thus, to resume our metaphor, when the party ends and the bar is closed, you are allowed to finish your drink. If results are not hurt by a major natural catastrophe, we predict a small climb for the industry's combined ratio in 1988, followed by several years of larger increases.

然而盈余数字却不会马上滑落，这个产业具有递延的现象，因为大部分的保单都是一年期，所以对于损益的影响会在往后的一年之间陆续浮现，因此打个比方，在party结束、酒吧关门之前，你还可以把手上的那杯喝完了再走，假设往后几年没有发生什么天灾地变，我们预期1988年的同业平均综合比率将会微幅上扬，紧接下来的几年则会大幅攀升。

The insurance industry is cursed with a set of dismal economic characteristics that make for a poor long-term outlook: hundreds of competitors, ease of entry, and a product that cannot be differentiated in any meaningful way. In such a commodity-like business, only a very low-cost operator or someone operating in a protected, and usually small, niche can sustain high profitability levels.

保险业最近受到几项不利的经济因素所困而前景黯淡，数以百计的竞争对手、进入障碍低、无法大幅差异化的产品特性，在这种类似商品型产业之中，只有营运成本低的公司或是一些受到保护的利基产品才有可能有长期获利成长的机会。

When shortages exist, however, even commodity businesses flourish. The insurance industry enjoyed that kind of climate for a while but it is now gone. One of the ironies of capitalism is that most managers in commodity industries abhor shortage conditions - even though those are the only circumstances permitting them good returns. Whenever shortages appear, the typical manager simply can't wait to expand capacity and thereby plug the hole through which money is showering upon him. This is precisely what insurance managers did in 1985-87, confirming again Disraeli's observation: "What we learn from history is that we do not learn from history."

当产品供给短缺时，即使是商品化产业也能蓬勃发展，不过在保险业界，这种好日子早就已经过去了，资本主义最讽刺的地方就是商品型产业大部分的经理人都痛恨商品短缺不足，但偏偏这是唯一可能让这些公司有获利的机会，当短缺出现时，经理人便会迫不及待地想要扩充产能，这无异是将源源不断流入现金的水龙头关掉一样，这就是过去三年保险公司经理人的最佳写照，再次验证Disraeli的名言：「我们唯一从历史得到的教训就是我们从来无法从历史得到教训！」

At Berkshire, we work to escape the industry's commodity economics in two ways. First, we differentiate our product by our financial strength, which exceeds that of all others in the industry. This strength, however, is limited in its usefulness. It means nothing in the personal insurance field: The buyer of an auto or homeowners policy is going to get his claim paid even if his insurer fails (as many have). It often means nothing in the commercial insurance arena: When times are good, many major corporate purchasers of insurance and their brokers pay scant attention to the insurer's ability to perform under the more adverse conditions that may exist, say, five years later when a complicated claim is finally resolved. (Out of sight, out of mind - and, later on, maybe out-of-pocket.)

在Berkshire，我们努力避免自己的公司成为商品化的企业，首先我们凭借着自己强大的资金实力，来凸显我们产品的不同，但这种效果实在是有限，尤其在个人险的部份，因为即使是其所投保的保险公司倒闭(事实上这种状况还不少)，汽车险或或房屋险的购买者仍可获得理赔，在商业险的部份也是如此，当情况好时，许多大企业投保户与保险掮客都不太关心保险业者的财务状况，即使是比较复杂的案件，顶多拖个三、五年，最后还是有办法可以解决，(眼不见为净的结果，可能会让你的口袋落空)

Periodically, however, buyers remember Ben Franklin's observation that it is hard for an empty sack to stand upright and recognize their need to buy promises only from insurers that have enduring financial strength. It is then that we have a major competitive advantage. When a buyer really focuses on whether a $10 million claim can be easily paid by his insurer five or ten years down the road, and when he takes into account the possibility that poor underwriting conditions may then coincide with depressed financial markets and defaults by reinsurer, he will find only a few companies he can trust. Among those, Berkshire will lead the pack.

不过一段期间保户会偶尔想起富兰克林所说的空沙包很难站的直挺，并了解寻找一个可靠稳定的保险公司的重要性，这时我们发挥优势的机会就来了，当客户认真想到往后五到十年，若是面对景气不佳同时又碰上金融市场低迷，再保业者倒闭频繁等景象时，而怀疑保险公司是否仍有能力轻松地支付一千万美元理赔金时，那么他可以挑选的保险公司其实是相当有限的，在所有的沙包之中，Berkshire无疑是站得最直挺的一个。

Our second method of differentiating ourselves is the total indifference to volume that we maintain. In 1989, we will be perfectly willing to write five times as much business as we write in 1988 - or only one-fifth as much. We hope, of course, that conditions will allow us large volume. But we cannot control market prices. If they are unsatisfactory, we will simply do very little business. No other major insurer acts with equal restraint.

我们第二个方法是试着让我们完全不理会签发保单的数量，在下一个年度我们很愿意一口气签出比前一年多五倍的保单，但若是只能签发五分之一的保单也无所谓，当然情况若许可我们希望是越多越好，但我们实在是无法掌握市场价格，若价格不理想，我们就会暂时退出市场少做一点生意，在同业中再没有其它任何一家保险公司有我们如此高的自制力。

Three conditions that prevail in insurance, but not in most businesses, allow us our flexibility. First, market share is not an important determinant of profitability: In this business, in contrast to the newspaper or grocery businesses, the economic rule is not survival of the fattest. Second, in many sectors of insurance, including most of those in which we operate, distribution channels are not proprietary and can be easily entered: Small volume this year does not preclude huge volume next year. Third, idle capacity - which in this industry largely means people - does not result in intolerable costs. In a way that industries such as printing or steel cannot, we can operate at quarter-speed much of the time and still enjoy long-term prosperity.

在保险业普遍存在的第三种情况，(这在其它产业并不多见)使得我们能保持相当的弹性，第一市场占有率并不绝对等于获利率，不像新闻业或是零售业，最后能够存活的不一定是最肥的那个人，第二许多的保险类种，其中也包含我们所从事的主要险种，销售通路并非只有唯一管道，所以进入障碍低，今年业绩不多，不代表明年就一定会很少，第三闲置的产能，在保险业来说主要是在于人力，这部份并不会造成太大的负担，在印刷或是钢铁业的话就不是如此，我们可以在保持慢速前进的同时，随时蓄势待发准备向前冲刺。

We follow a price-based-on-exposure, not-on-competition policy because it makes sense for our shareholders. But we're happy to report that it is also pro-social. This policy means that we are always available, given prices that we believe are adequate, to write huge volumes of almost any type of property-casualty insurance. Many other insurers follow an in-and-out approach. When they are "out" - because of mounting losses, capital inadequacy, or whatever - we are available. Of course, when others are panting to do business we are also available - but at such times we often find ourselves priced above the market. In effect, we supply insurance buyers and brokers with a large reservoir of standby capacity.

我们完全以价格为导向(而非竞争)来决定我们的风险部位，因为如此对于股东投资者才有意义，但同时我们也很高兴，因为这对社会同样也有助益，这个原则代表我们随时准备就绪，只要市场价格合理，我们愿意随时进场承接任何产物意外险的保单，配合许多保险同业遵循的进出策略，当他们因为损失扩大、资本不足等原因退出市场时，我们随时可以接替，当然当一些同业进来杀价抢食市场时，虽然我们也愿意继续服务大众，但由于我们的报价高于市场价格，所以只好暂时退出观望，基本上我们扮演的是市场供需调节的角色。

One story from mid-1987 illustrates some consequences of our pricing policy: One of the largest family-owned insurance brokers in the country is headed by a fellow who has long been a shareholder of Berkshire. This man handles a number of large risks that are candidates for placement with our New York office. Naturally, he does the best he can for his clients. And, just as naturally, when the insurance market softened dramatically in 1987 he found prices at other insurers lower than we were willing to offer. His reaction was, first, to place all of his business elsewhere and, second, to buy more stock in Berkshire. Had we been really competitive, he said, we would have gotten his insurance business but he would not have bought our stock.

1987年中的一个事件可以充分说明我们的价格政策，在纽约有一家家族经营的保险经纪公司是由一个Berkshire多年资深的老股东所领导，这老兄手上有许多客户是我们所想要交往的，但基于职业道德他仍然必须为他的客户争取到最好的权益，所以当保险市场价格大幅滑落，他发现我们的保费比起其它同业贵了许多时，他第一个反应就是赶快把他客户的保单从Berkshire转移到别的保险公司，接下来第二的动作就是买进更多Berkshire的股票，他说要是那一天Berkshire也一样以降价竞争作为因应，那么他就会把生意给Berkshire做，但他可能就会把Berkshire的股票卖光。

乐府     

劝君莫惜金缕衣， 劝君惜取少年时。
花开堪折直须折， 莫待无花空折枝。

THE GOLD-THREADED ROBE 

                Du Qiuniang

Covet not a gold-threaded robe,

Cherish only your young days!

If a bud open, gather it --

Lest you but wait for an empty bough

再别康桥 徐志摩