Precision Instrument

Optics processing---The plane processes (4)

elightpool — Mon, 12 Mar 2012 14:00:16 CST

During the processing of flat, fine grinding is an important process, through grinding, achieve the desired surface, surface roughness, and drawings of the dimensions required. Due to the precision grinding of high demand, so the plane in the process, this process was a low throw, speed no more than 120r/min grinding machine, using granular Abrasives abrasive, granularity is W28-W10. Effect of grinding quality the most important, the most decisive factor is the grinding of surface of the membrane, so trimming tool in optical processing, it is important, whether it is high or low throw-throwing, it directly determines the quality and efficiency of grinding and polishing.
Plane of abrasives to use two of the same mold, with W40-W28 Emery grinding each other, after a period of time after grinding, to each other with a plate of glass grinding, Emery to W14-W10, and then place the glass plates in polished die-cast 3-5min on, 80-100mm plane models look at aperture, high 2-3 light ring.

Optical processing --- plane processing (3)

elightpool — Fri, 09 Mar 2012 13:36:35 CST

In modern optical processing, flat milling can also be achieved through mechanization and high speed. Plane milling machine by high-speed rotating diamond wheel and slowly the opposite direction of rotation of the electric disk composed of parts to be processed using rigid on the after-hours, power disk suck plate, diamond grinding wheel according to the allowance of processing parts of the pre-set finishing size can be set in place to improve the surface roughness. 0:00 of the spherical milling grinding machine milling grinding wheel and the part axis angle adjustment can also be milling plane. Milling grinding wheel of grain size generally opt for the 120 # - 80 # appropriate.
Plane milling process, the flatness and parallelism of the optical parts are two important indicators affect their accuracy is the accuracy of machine tools and fixtures, there is the plate parallelism bad will also affect parts of the parallel degree . Other roughness and milling efficiency of the reasons for and the spherical milling Similarly, we will not repeat them here (see spherical processing).

Optical processing ---- Graphic processing (2)

elightpool — Wed, 07 Mar 2012 11:21:48 CST

In addition to the rigid upper plate and flexible plate in the plane processing, a number of high-precision parts can also light glue on the plate. We did the concept of light plastic in front of the introduction, it is the flat part a polished good optical surface of the board surface with light pads or cuboid, cube and other optical instruments, in a very clean on the basis of using the surface Molecular attraction both to combine in order to achieve the connection of the plate and the parts to be processed on the plate. Light plastic flat plate, the angle error of the parts is less than 5, the surface accuracy of less than 0.5 aperture, generally used in the final stages of the processing of plane parts.
Photoresist on the disk surface cleanliness requirements for parts and optical tools is very high, if the surface is not clean, will destroy the surface roughness, resulting in surface flaws. To overcome this problem, the introduction of the pseudo-light plastic plate, high purity liquid glue, glue the polished surface of the parts and optical instruments together to achieve the upper plate.
Whether it is a light plastic or pseudo-light plastic, the need to smear paint on the seams of the parts and optical tools to open plastic to prevent water in the process.

Optical processing ---- Graphic processing (one)

elightpool — Mon, 05 Mar 2012 17:16:21 CST

Optical components, in addition to a variety of spherical lens, there are a large number of plane. In fact, any flat surface is the radius of curvature of a great sphere, and provisions GB gb1240-1976, when the spherical radius of curvature greater than 40000mm, can be regarded as plane. Gb1240-82 of this standard was reduced to greater than 10000mm.
With the development of modernoptical processing, the processing of spherical high throw into processing go to a single processing, but in the plane processing, especially in high-precision flat, still using the low-speed, on the plate technology. Planar optical precision parts is mainly reflected in the plane of the surface accuracy and angle accuracy, precision flat surface shape of the requirements in the 1/10 ~ 1/100λ of angular accuracy requirements in a "10".
Plane processing flow and spherical, milling, grinding to polishing. In these processes, are inseparable from the upper plate, so we first discuss on the disk process. On the plate rigidity on the disk, and flexibility on the disk:
A on the plate, rigid: rigid upper plate is to use the plate with plastic or wax rigid connection of parts to be processed into a disk. General plate glass or aluminum manufacture, use glue to do the connection agent at room temperature processing parts on disk, if the coupling agent is paraffin, it would take in the hot plate heated to melt the paraffin, and then on the plate. On the plate before, according to the machining accuracy requirements on the surface of the plate parallelism, flatness and surface roughness of the corresponding processing. Rigidity of the upper plate is widely used in the milling process and the process is not easy deformation of the parts.
, Elastic plate: flexibility on the disk is the first wax group or wax pan is glued to the non-processing surface to be machined parts, machined surface arranged in neat rows on the base plane, the lower and lower plate heated and placed in the sticky wax the parts to be processed after the cooling plate and the connection of the parts to be processed. This method in addition to the requirements baseline flat with a higher precision in order to guarantee precision parts and other tooling is relatively simple, no special precision, under the after-hours parts of the aperture and aperture irregular little change for higher in the aperture the processing of plane parts in the grinding, polishing stage.

Optical processing----plane processing ()
Optical element, in addition to various spherical lens, there are a large number of planes. In fact, any plane is great curvature radius of spherical, GB GB1240-1976 provides that when the sphere RADIUS is more than 40000mm, can be seen as a plane. GB1240-82 more than this standard reduced to 10000mm.
With the development of modern optical processing, spherical surface machining has been transferred from the process to sell high process, but in a flat in the process, especially high-precision plane, still used on low speed and technique. Precision plane optical components mainly reflected in the plane of the surface shape and angle precision, high precision horizontal surface requirements in 1/10~1/100 of lambda, angle precision 1 "~10".
Plane machining process is still like and spherical, milling, grinding to polishing. In the process, are inseparable from the disc on, so we first discuss on process. Elastic plate on plate on rigid disk, on:
1, on the rigid plate: rigid disk is to use the pad with gel or wax on rigid disk will be processed parts. General plate glass or aluminum make, use glue connecting agents at room temperature is under processing on the part, if made with paraffin connection agent, you want in on the electric Panel warming after melting paraffin wax, on again. In front of the plate on, depending on the machining accuracy requirements, pad, flatness and surface roughness of surface parallel processing accordingly. Widely used in milling process on rigid and difficult deformation of parts in the process.
2, on the elastic plate: plate on the elastic is burning hot wax or wax to stick to the processing on the part of non-processed surface, will be arranged neatly on the machined surface in the datum plane, further plate heated, placed in the sticky wax is processed on the part, after cooling to achieve connection pads and machining parts. Apart from this method a datum plane a higher accuracy to guarantee part accuracy outside, other equipment is relatively simple, does not require special precision, after-market parts under the aperture aperture irregular and very small, plane parts suitable for high optical requirements on precision grinding, polishing stage of processing.

Optics processing----The plane processes (1)
In optics part, besides each kind of spherical lens, but also has the massive planes.In fact, any plane all is the radius of curvature enormous spherical surface, in GB code GB1240-1976 stipulated, when the spherical curvature radius is bigger than 40000mm, may regard as the plane.But GB1240-82 reduced this standard has been bigger than 10000mm.
Along with the modern optics processing development, the spherical surface processing already changed to from the negotiated price processing throws the single unit processing high, but in the plane processing, specially the high accuracy plane, still used the low speed, on the plate technology.The plane optics components precision request mainly manifests in the plane face shape precision and the accuracy of angle, the high accuracy plane face shape request in 1/10~1/100 lamda, accuracy of angle request in 1 " ~10 ".
平面的加工流程还是和球面一样，从铣磨、精磨到抛光。In these working procedures, cannot leave on the plate, therefore we first discuss on the plate craft today.On the plate has in the rigidity in the plate, the elasticity the plate:
1st, In rigidity plate: In the rigidity the plate will be uses the backing strip is processed with the rubber or the paraffin wax the components rigid connection negotiated price.The common backing strip with the glass or the aluminum alloy manufacture, the use rubber makes the connection medicinal preparation to be possible to process under the normal temperature on the components the plate, if makes the connection medicinal preparation with the paraffin wax, then must heat up the melted paraffin wax after the electric hot plate, then carries in the plate.In front of on plate, must act according to the processing precision request, to the backing strip superficial parallelism, flatness and the surface roughness carries on the corresponding processing.In the rigidity the plate widely applies in the mill rubs the components which in the working procedure and the processing process not easy to distort.
2nd, In elasticity plate: In the elasticity the plate is first sticks hotly the sealing wax group or the sealing wax strip fever in is processed the components in the non-machined surface, arranges neatly the machined surface in the datum plane, then falls the backing strip heating, lays aside in sticks has the sealing wax to process on the components, after cooling, realizes the backing strip with to process the components the connection.This method has the high precision except the request datum plane, guaranteed outside the components precision, other work clothes quite are simple, does not need the special precision, after gets down the plate the components aperture and the aperture irregular change is very small, suits in the aperture request high plane components in the correct grinding, the polishing stage processing.

optical processing - - graphic processing ( 1)
In addition, the optical elements in various spherical lenses, there is a large number of the graphic. In fact, any two-dimensional are curvature radius GB greatly aspheric, 5464-85 in 1240 - 1976 on provisions that, when more than 40,000 mm spherical curvature radius can be regarded as graphic. In 1240 - 82 GB more to this standard to have more than 10,000 mm .
With modern optical processing development, spherical processing has evolved from a disk processing to high-single-piece processing behind, but the graphic processing, in particular the high-precision two-dimensional, continue to adopt a low-speed, disk technology. Two-dimensional optical components of precision required primarily embodied in the three-dimensional accuracy, and Angle-precision, high-precision two-dimensional surface-shaped requirements in 1 /10 ~ 1 /100, angle λ accuracy in 1 " ~ 10 ".
The three-dimensional processes or spherical, from milling and grinding, grinding to polishing. In the last few months, the process cannot be separated from the disk, and that is why we are here today to discuss the disc craft. The disk is too rigid, flexible, wound up on disk:
Disk 1: rigidity, rigidity on the disk is used with a plastic pad or paraffin will be processed parts rigidity is connected in a disk. General pad made of glass or aluminum alloy, use of plastic to do at room temperature, it can connect to the processed parts that, if there is to be a winding up on paraffin do connect agent for electric GEM Hot melt paraffin and then to the disk. In the disk before processing accuracy, the decision must be based on the request, the pad surface parallel, unloading and surface roughness for corresponding processing. Rigid, widely used in milling grinding processes, and wound up in the processing of parts is not easy to deform.
Disk 2: flexibility, elasticity, the disk is first of all to paint in fire or fire burning paint article glued to the processed parts of non-processing-oriented, and that will be processed on the base plane, heating pad and then neatly arranged and placed on a fire clay-PAINT of the processed parts on pad, cooling, achieved after the connection with the processed parts. In addition to the requirement that such methods have a high precision, benchmark planar parts in order to ensure accuracy, the other tooling is relatively simple and does not require special precision parts, after the aperture range and aperture does not rule changes require a very small aperture, suited to a higher plane of spare parts in grinding and polishing stages of processing.

Optical processing ---- glued

elightpool — Fri, 02 Mar 2012 14:48:29 CST

Today, we introduce the plastic optical processing is legitimate: that the use of optical-grade adhesive, glue the need to glue two or more optical components. Have mentioned in this optical-grade adhesives, must meet the following conditions:
, Colorless, transparent, high transmittance, fluorescence close to the refractive index of the optical parts.
Curing volume shrinkage is small, not to glue the surface of the internal stress.
3, high mechanical strength, not because of vibration, shock layer cracking.
4, good chemical stability, and optical materials, chemical reactions, long-term use of deformation.
5, good thermal stability, in the range of -70 ° ~ 70 ° layer is not broken, unglued and so on.
6, environmentally friendly, non-toxic and harmless.
Commonly used in plastic are the following:
1, the natural fir resin (Canada resin glue or hot glue): gluing process is simple, but warm level of poor performance, unglued.
Methanol glue (cold glue): the complexity of the gluing process, plastic shrinkage, easy to change color or unglued.
, Epoxy glue: contraction of small, optical quality is good, but the curing time is long, complex process, toxicity.
4, the photosensitive adhesive: easy to use, high efficiency, contraction of small, optical image quality, good resistance to aging.
, 1, 2, 3 kinds of glue in modern optical processing has been rarely used, so we only introduce the gluing process of the photosensitive adhesive:
1 clean glue, ready to tooling, to adjust the level table.
2 positive lens on the rub has been good on the negative lens, so that it can swing freely and the emergence of the aperture.
3, in the projected light of 68w-100w, with six times the magnifying glass to check the glue surface.
4 right amount of glue drops then the plastic surface, air bubbles and excess glue, so that the appropriate layer thickness, respectively, uniform.
Until the glue layer reaches a certain viscosity, centering, and then the beginning of curing: irradiation with ultraviolet light or high-pressure lamp 10min ~ 30min.
6, have been the beginning of curing a good gluing pieces of qualified, into the electric oven at 60 ° C constant temperature 6 hours can be.
Substandard products need to dismantle the plastic, you can use the following three methods:
1, high-temperature method: direct heating to 180 °, when the adhesive patterns like stripes, afterburner open.
2, indirect heating: parts 80% sulfuric acid solution, heated to 180 ° c, and insulation down to room temperature, remove the wipe can be adhesive cracking.
3, at room temperature demolition plastic: the optical components in the mixture of dioxane methane, formic acid, can be torn off and soak for about a week, but lak, zk, and other brands of glass is prone to corrosion.
4, the demolition of low-temperature glue: will be glued into the box of the low temperature of liquid oxygen cooling, cooling to -120 ° c -150 ° c to remove the demolition of the adhesive layer after cracking, you can. This method is not glued to limit the length of time, and parts accuracy and image quality are not affected, do not reduce surface flaws, does not destroy the optical film, but it should be noted that fire and explosion.

Optical processing using international standards (ISO10110) analysis (3)

elightpool — Wed, 29 Feb 2012 13:39:08 CST

In the iso10110 the center partial tolerance code 4 [4 / σ (l), 4/Δτ]: the so-called center of partial tolerance, the main limit of error of the lens center, said that the deviation between the lens reference axis and optical processing axis . International standards, there are a few national standards do not involve:

1, the reference point: the reference axis, as defined in the loft, the centering of the optical surface of the vertex, the optical surface and the intersection of the reference axis.
2, form of expression of the center line the amount of error: the distance of the reference axis of a part of the reference point relative to its optical system, can also be used to represent the center of the error, which is the central error line forms of expression.
3, the error of aspheric optical surface of the center: the center of the non-spherical error, if the surface inclination, said the definition of definition of the angle between the reference axis of the axis of rotation and non-spherical surface where the parts of the non-spherical; line volume non-spherical, rotationally symmetric dot pitch of the reference axis horizontal distance. For the center of the tolerance of a single aspheric lens, is the maximum allowed value of the above-mentioned inclination or horizontal distance.
4, clear the error caused by the glue lens angle due to adhesive Figure also belongs to the center of the error.
Given the relationship with the shape of the position error: the center of the error line amount expressed in the form to expand to become the expression of the shape of the center of the location of the position error, and with each other, used to represent the center of the reticle, the light International and other optical components errors.
Marked where σ is the maximum allow inclination unit is divided into ', second; l is the maximum allowable lateral displacement, is the center line of form error, unit mm; Δτ is the maximum allowable layer Figure angle, the unit is divided into 's ".
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Optical processing using international standards (ISO10110) analysis (2)

elightpool — Mon, 27 Feb 2012 11:30:20 CST

In ISO10110 in the, Optics processing surface shape deviation (and called surface surface shaped) of code is 3 (3/A/B/C):-a said maximum allows of arc vector deviation, to stripes interval or nano said, by national standards is we by said of Aperture number N;B said maximum can allows does not rules, to stripes interval or nano said, is national standards in of does not rules aperture ∆ N;C said can allows rotating symmetric does not rules. International standards, also use the root mean square deviation RMS surface shape deviation. Has three species RMS, first species is total are square difference, to RMSt said, it is is test optical surface and mark of theory surface Zhijian of are square difference; second species is does not rules are square difference, to RMSi said, it is total of surface shaped errors decomposition for approximate standard spherical and does not rules effect Hou, on said of does not rules effect of are square difference; third species try does not symmetric are square difference, to RMSa said, it is does not rules effect decomposition for rotating symmetric of approximate non-spherical and does not rules remaining surface Hou, On the irregular surface of the remaining root mean square error.
Three-thirds (1): surface form tolerances, maximum 3 aperture, 1 partial aperture.
Three-fifths (a) RMSi

The Chengdu Lai parked Precision Instrument Co., Ltd. specializes in optical processing, assembly, design high-tech enterprises. Chengdu Lai the mooring fine instrument has established a perfect quality management system, through the China Quality Certification Center of the iso9001: 2008 gb/t19001-2008 quality certification.

Optical processing using international standards (ISO10110) analysis (I)

elightpool — Fri, 24 Feb 2012 13:54:25 CST

In modern optical processing in the ISO10110 more and more widely used, but its complex code is often a headache, we will do a brief account from today.
International standards by the international standards organization (ISO) Technical Committee on drafting and technical standards for access to more than 75% members voted. ISO10110 optics and optical components to international standards, it represents a national standard method and traditional differences, records and standards in greater detail.
First we introduce requirements for materials, is divided into three indicators:
1, code 0 mark material stress birefringence (0/A), a value representing the maximum allowable stress birefringence, in NM/cm units, such as in paper marked zero-tenth, indicates that the materials stress birefringence for 10nm/cm;
2, and to code 1 mark material of bubble and impurities (1/NxA), n said bubble and and the impurities number,-a said bubble classification number to mm for units, is by allows defects maximum size section area of square root, as in drawings in the mark 1/2x0.25, is said allows 2 a bubble, series for 0.25, or by to out of bubble and/impurities total projection area does not over 2x0.25 • mm • =0.125mm • of area;
3, code 2 mark material inhomogeneity and stripe (2/A; B), a non-uniform category, category b streak, as there is no uniformity or non-fringe technology requirements, by a "-" indicates that, in ISO010110, streaks of non-uniformity of categories and category has more indexes, not going to repeat here.

The development history of contact lens:

elightpool — Wed, 15 Feb 2012 16:17:20 CST

The development history of contact lens:

The idea of putting on optic directly in the eyes dates back to the year 1508.Leonardo da Vinci firstly assumed that the optical function of cornea can be taken place with a glass bottle filled up of water.

In 1636, Rene Descartes made similar proposal.

Germanium lens

In 1845, an English man called Herschel discovered that pour some animal gelatin into the surface between glass and eyes to cover the cornea can correct defects of vision temporarily.

Mullen and Obring made the first pair of all-plastic-cement contact lens after the invention of material PAM in 1938.

While in 1960, scientist of Czech Republic prepared a kind of special material HEMMA. It turns soft after water absorption to comfortable, with which to manufacture the first pair of soft contact lens.

In the year 1971, Bausch Company of America produced and sold contact lens with approval of FDA firstly.

In order to improve the ability of breathe so as to achieve the goal that people can safely wear contact lens overnight, new material SMA came into being in 1974. Further improvement was made because of the participation of silicon. After that similar functional material derived, such as fluorosilicates and Fluor polymers.

Contact lens can be divided into numerous kinds in different ways. Depending on material there are soft and inflexible ones. According to wearing time, it can be divided into daily wearing and long-time wearing. While cornea contact lens for farsighted and Plano contact lens are distinguished on the base of function.

Since there are so many kinds for you to select, but never put on the contact lens without authorization. Instead you should only wear contact lens after careful

Why optical filters are used in electronic displays

elightpool — Tue, 14 Feb 2012 11:25:14 CST

Optical filters are used to selectively block certain wavelengths of light, while allowing others to pass through freely. People think of optical filters purely in terms of photography. However, in this context the word “light” means far more than just the wavelengths that we can all see. Visible light is just one small area of the much larger electromagnetic spectrum, which includes all forms of radiation, from microwaves to radio signals. People often use the term “optical filter” as a generic catch-all term that includes infra-red, ultra-violet and radio frequency interference (Rfi) shields. In general terms, however, an optical filter allows visible light to pass through, while blocking infra red radiation. This can be clarified to transmit visible light of only certain wavelengths. The end result is low glare, low electrical resistance and high colour density. Optical shields are used in photography, astronomy, window glass, movie projectors and, increasingly, electronic displays. These filters are typically made of scratch-resistant acrylic plastic, and contain linear polarisers to cut down reflections and glare. Polarising optical filters confine light to a single plane, and will block or transmit light according to their polarising effect - sunglasses work in the same way. With the majority of electronic displays today being of the flatscreen/LCD type, optical filters have a major part to play in, for example, defence, financial, educational and medical institutions, as well as for business and home use. We at Instrument Plastics supply optical filters, including Optolite polarizing filters, for use in electronic displays of all sizes.

Visible light is just one small area of the much larger electromagnetic spectrum, which includes all forms of radiation, from microwaves to radio signals. People often use the term “optical filter” as a generic catch-all term that includes infra-red, ultra-violet and radio frequency interference (Rfi) shields. In general terms, however, an optical filter allows visible light to pass through, while blocking infra red radiation. This can be clarified to transmit visible light of only certain wavelengths. The end result is low glare, low electrical resistance and high colour density.

Optical filters shields are used in photography, astronomy, window glass, movie projectors and, increasingly, electronic displays. These filters are typically made of scratch-resistant acrylic plastic, and contain linear polarisers to cut down reflections and glare. Polarising optical filters confine light to a single plane, and will block or transmit light according to their polarising effect - sunglasses work in the same way.

With the majority of electronic displays today being of the flatscreen/LCD type, optical filters have a major part to play in, for example, defence, financial, educational and medical institutions, as well as for business and home use.