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tubular knitting or knitting in the round is a form of knitting that creates a seamless tube.
Originally, ubular knittingwas crafted using a set of four or five double pointed knitting needles.
Later, circular needles were invented: the circular needle looks like two short knitting needles connected by a cable between them.
Knitting machines also knit in the round; double bed machines can be set up to knit on the front bed in one direction then the back bed on the return, creating a knitted tube.
Specialized knitting machines for sock-knitting use individual latch-hook needles to make each stitch in a round frame.

History

Many types of sweaters are traditionally knit in the round; Norwegian ski sweaters are made this way. Even cardigans can be made using this technique.
The knitter makes a Norwegian-style pullover and stitches the knitting with a sewing machine to prevent unravelling. The sweater is then cut down the front to open the cardigan up.
A band for buttons is added by knitting or sewing on a tightly knitted band, often embellished with woven braid. Icelandic sweaters are also mainly knitted in the round.
Socks are the garments most often knit in the round; double-pointed needles, with their ability to hold a smaller circumference of stitches, are still most often used.

Method

When knitting on circular needles or double points, the knitting is cast on and the circle of stitches is joined. Knitting is worked in rounds like a spiral.

Using four or five double pointed needles

1. Cast on stitches on THREE or FOUR needles. Three supports your knitting on a triangle, four makes a square "tube" as you work. The knitting will be round, however, when you are finished.
2. Divide the stitches equally over the needles and knit a round. To close the circle, knit the first stitch with the working yarn from the last stitch - and a nice trick is to use the tail of the cast on, and knit it with the first stitch. This pulls the knittng in tighter to avoid causing a gap. Keep the last and first needle as close together as possible. Make sure the knitted stitch is tight, by keeping it close to the last needle. This also avoids a gap, though any gap can be closed by a discreet stitch after you finish the article. Again, the tail of the cast on is helpful; stitch one or two small stitches with it through the gap and tighten.
3. Continue to work rounds, using the one empty needle to knit off and keeping the stitches evenly divided. Hold the two working needles as usual, and drop the other needles to the back of the work when not in use. Believe it or not, the stitches won't fall off the needles.
Note Experienced knitters prefer using 5, rather than 4 DPN's (double pointed needles). When using four, three are your project needles, with the fourth being your working needle. This produces a triangular working surface. When using five, four are your project needles, with the fifth being your working needle. This produces a square working surface, more similar to a circle.

Using a circular needle

1. Choose a circular length that is appropriate for the project you are knitting. If the needles are too short, the knitting will bunch up. If too long, the ends of the knitting will not meet. Generally, a hat or turtleneck is worked on a 16" circular. A sweater body is normally worked on a 29" long circular, until decreasing for the yoke or neck, when a shorter (22" or 16") needle is required. For some small work, such as cuffs, there are 11" needles but most knitters resort to a set of double points (4 or 5 needles.)
2. Cast on the required number of stitches. Place a marker on the right needle, next to the last cast-on stitch. This is important to mark the beginning of a round. Use a stitch marker, a circle of yarn, a coil-less safety pin or a rubber o-ring for a marker. It should slide easily over the needle.
3. Make sure all the bottoms of the cast-on stitches are facing downwards. If you have a twist, you end up with a real problem. This is the trickiest part of circular knitting, for the cast-on stitches want to rotate around the needle cable. Before you join, run your hand around and orient the stitches so that the loops are up and the knot-like cast-on is downwards. Then carefully knit your first stitch and check again. This cannot be corrected without ripping all the way down later on, so check and check again.
4. Push the right needle into the first cast-on stitch on the left needle. Knit a stitch. Pull yarn after the first stitch (or two) to tighten the inevitable gap in the join.
5. Continue to knit around (right needle goes into stitch on left needle) until you reach the marker. Now, one round is completed. Slip the marker back to the right needle and continue on to the second round, just as you worked the first. Each round is equivalent to one row in flat knitting.

Knitting Small Circumferences Using a Long Circular Needle

If you hate double-pointed needles, or you don't have a circular needle with a cable short enough for your small round object, it is quite possible to knit in the round using a long circular needle. There are several websites that describe the technique.

Barb Grossman looked through her mother-in-law's closet in search of hand-knitted items from the past.

She found exactly what she was looking for from Florence Grossman, 90, who has been knitting since she was 10 years old.

The younger Grossman, of Fox Chapel, plans to showcase those hand-knit pieces at a fashion show this Friday night as part of the 8th annual Pittsburgh Knit & Crochet Festival.

This is the first year that the event -- themed "Back to the Future" -- will be held for a full three days at the Four Points by Sheraton North, in Mars. About 2,500 people are expected.

"We are planning with starting with the '40s up to what is current, to even showcasing some cutting-edge futuristic items in the fashion show," says Grossman, festival organizer. "I knew my mother-in-law would have some great items, and she does have some amazing pieces."

While there have been advances in yarns, techniques and tools, the beauty of something that is made by hand hasn't changed, Grossman says.

"The fiber arts, especially knitting, have enjoyed a vibrant comeback, thanks in large part to the Internet, where fiber artists can connect with each other in so many ways," says Grossman.

"The times they are a changin' -- so are the yarns," she says. "The variety of luxurious colors and fiber content, the fabulous patterns for everything from socks to shawls -- what a difference from just 15 years ago! And, yet, the technique is still the same. We all still knit and purl just like our grandmothers did, and we honor the tradition by continuing to make wonderful things for our families and our friends to treasure."

The fashion show will be emceed by Steven Berg, owner of StevenBe A Yarn Garage Workshop in Minneapolis. Berg, who is an instructor, has traveled all over the world and uses his experience from working for well-known fashion designers such as Perry Ellis to help create fiber art. He credits his mother with his inspiration because she owns a yarn store, too.

"This is in my blood," Berg says. "My past is all part of my personal history and what has shaped some of what I create now. For instance, Andy Warhol lived about the same time as me in New York. So for me, when I teach a class, it is more about incorporating my past experiences. I invite people who have that creative itch but might not want to do something on their own to come and participate. There are no mistakes, only variations, because there is no right or wrong. There is no anxiety. It is all about creativity."

Berg says he sees knitting and crocheting as a journey. It is all about the process of creating something and joining friends and communicating with others. His store houses 1,900 different yarns.

"I was amazed at how good the Pittsburgh festival was, because I wasn't expecting that," says Berg, who attended last year. " But it was so well done and so well publicized. I thought 'Wow' about how well run it was."

Pittsburgh has a wonderful arts community, Grossman says. They also care about the environment and often focus on reusing an item or repairing another versus tossing it. Attendees, vendors and instructors are willing to share ideas and inspire creativity.

"Some people mark this weekend on their calendar every year and think of it as a retreat," she says. "They love to come and see all the different yarns, and because you can touch them, you can really get the tactile sensation of the fabrics. One of the softest yarns, called qiviut, is (from) the underbelly of a musk ox. It is one of the softest fabrics in the world, right up there with silk and angora."

Grossman started the festival in 2005 as a fundraiser for the Waldorf School of Pittsburgh. Her daughter, Sarah, was attending the school and learning how to knit was part of the curriculum. She and husband Randy Grossman, a former Pittsburgh Steelers tight end, got involved in the craft because of their daughter's fondness for it. The event has grown to three days in order to offer additional classes. It's expanded to include other forms of fiber art such as weaving, tatting, spinning, needle felting, rug hooking and jewelry making.

"This event has grown every year, and Barb does such a good job of keeping in contact with everyone, so we know what is going on," says Diane Halpern of Edgewood, president of Three Rivers Crochet. "She offers different programs each year, and she keeps people interested all year long. ... There are many new activities each year, too, so you can get involved if you want or just make connections with other people who enjoy what you enjoy."

Pittsburgh is fortunate because there are a lot of quality yarn stores here, she says, but you will find some materials at the festival that aren't sold in local stores.

Stacey Wettstein, owner of Knit One in Squirrel Hill, and a psychologist, says knitting is therapeutic. The festival has grown in leaps and bounds, from first attracting locals to drawing people from all over the United States.

"There are nationally known designers and teachers who come from across the country, so this event is putting Pittsburgh on the map," Wettstein says. "It is a phenomenal chance to get to know other knitters. Knitting is the new yoga. It is recession-proof. It does take time to make things, but they last a long time, and they are unique. It is also very relaxing, and you are part of a communal thing."