Winter came, and the plant was covered with snow, but the snow
glittered over it as if it had sunshine beneath as well as above.
When spring came, the plant appeared in full bloom: a more
beautiful object than any other plant in the forest. And now the
professor of botany presented himself, one who could explain his
knowledge in black and white. He examined and tested the plant, but it did not belong to his system of botany, nor could he possibly find out to what class it did belong. "It must be some degenerate species,"
said he; "I do not know it, and it is not mentioned in any system."
"Not known in any system!" repeated the thistles and the nettles.

The large trees which grew round it saw the plant and heard the
remarks, but they said not a word either good or bad, which is the
wisest plan for those who are ignorant.

There passed through the forest a poor innocent girl; her heart
was pure, and her understanding increased by her faith. Her chief
inheritance had been an old Bible, which she read and valued. From its pages she heard the voice of God speaking to her, and telling her to remember what was said of Joseph's brethren when persons wished to injure her. "They imagined evil in their hearts, but God turned it to good." If we suffer wrongfully, if we are misunderstood or despised, we must think of Him who was pure and holy, and who prayed for those who nailed Him to the cross, "Father forgive them, for they know not what they do."

The girl stood still before the wonderful plant, for the green
leaves exhaled a sweet and refreshing fragrance, and the flowers
glittered and sparkled in the sunshine like colored flames, and the
harmony of sweet sounds lingered round them as if each concealed
within itself a deep fount of melody, which thousands of years could
not exhaust. With pious gratitude the girl looked upon this glorious
work of God, and bent down over one of the branches, that she might examine the flower and inhale the sweet perfume. Then a light broke in on her mind, and her heart expanded. Gladly would she have plucked a flower, but she could not overcome her reluctance to break one off.

She knew it would so soon fade; so she took only a single green
leaf, carried it home, and laid it in her Bible, where it remained
ever green, fresh, and unfading. Between the pages of the Bible it
still lay when, a few weeks afterwards, that Bible was laid under
the young girl's head in her coffin. A holy calm rested on her face,
as if the earthly remains bore the impress of the truth that she now
stood in the presence of God.

In the forest the wonderful plant still continued to bloom till it
grew and became almost a tree, and all the birds of passage bowed
themselves before it.

"That plant is a foreigner, no doubt," said the thistles and the
burdocks. "We can never conduct ourselves like that in this
country." And the black forest snails actually spat at the flower.
Then came the swineherd; he was collecting thistles and shrubs
to burn them for the ashes. He pulled up the wonderful plant, roots
and all, and placed it in his bundle. "This will be as useful as any,"
he said; so the plant was carried away.

Not long after, the king of the country suffered from the
deepest melancholy. He was diligent and industrious, but employment
did him no good. They read deep and learned books to him, and then the lightest and most trifling that could be found, but all to no purpose.

Then they applied for advice to one of the wise men of the world,
and he sent them a message to say that there was one remedy which
would relieve and cure him, and that it was a plant of heavenly origin
which grew in the forest in the king's own dominions. The messenger
described the flower so that is appearance could not be mistaken.
Then said the swineherd, "I am afraid I carried this plant away
from the forest in my bundle, and it has been burnt to ashes long ago.
But I did not know any better."

"You did not know, any better! Ignorance upon ignorance indeed!"
The poor swineherd took these words to heart, for they were
addressed to him; he knew not that there were others who were
equally ignorant. Not even a leaf of the plant could be found. There
was one, but it lay in the coffin of the dead; no one knew anything
about it.

Then the king, in his melancholy, wandered out to the spot in
the wood. "Here is where the plant stood," he said; "it is a sacred
place." Then he ordered that the place should be surrounded with a
golden railing, and a sentry stationed near it.

The botanical professor wrote a long treatise about the heavenly
plant, and for this he was loaded with gold, which improved the
position of himself and his family.

And this part is really the most pleasant part of the story. For
the plant had disappeared, and the king remained as melancholy and sad as ever, but the sentry said he had always been so.

THE END

She listened to us attentively, seized the pen, paused, and begged us to repeat the direction slowly. We complied, and she wrote; but in the midst of the "General War-" she struck fast, sighed deeply, and said, "I am only a woman!" Her Puggie had seated itself on the ground while she wrote, and growled; for the dog had come with her for amusement and for the sake of its health; and then the bare floor ought not to be offered to a visitor. His outward appearance was characterized by a snub nose and a very fat back.

"He doesn't bite," said the lady; "he has no teeth. He is like one of the family, faithful and grumpy; but the latter is my grandchildren's fault, for they have teased him; they play at wedding, and want to give him the part of the bridesmaid, and that's too much for him, poor old fellow." And she delivered her papers, and took Puggie upon her arm. And this is the first part of the story which might have been left out.

PUGGIE DIED!! That's the second part. It was about a week afterwards we arrived in the town, and put up at the inn. Our windows looked into the tan-yard, which was divided into two parts by a partition of planks; in one half were many skins and hides, raw and tanned. Here was all the apparatus necessary to carry on a tannery, and it belonged to the widow. Puggie had died in the morning, and was to be buried in this part of the yard; the grandchildren of the widow (that is, of the tanner's widow, for Puggie had never been married) filled up the grave, and it was a beautiful grave- it must have been quite pleasant to lie there. The grave was bordered with pieces of flower-pots and strewn over with sand; quite at the top they had stuck up half a beer bottle, with the neck upwards, and that was not at all allegorical.

The children danced round the grave, and the eldest of the boys among them, a practical youngster of seven years, made the proposition that there should be an exhibition of Puggie's burial-place for all who lived in the lane; the price of admission was to be a trouser button, for every boy would be sure to have one, and each might also give one for a little girl. This proposal was adopted by acclamation.

And all the children out of the lane- yes, even out of the little lane at the back- flocked to the place, and each gave a button.

Many were noticed to go about on that afternoon with only one suspender; but then they had seen Puggie's grave, and the sight was worth much more.

But in front of the tan-yard, close to the entrance, stood a little girl clothed in rags, very pretty to look at, with curly hair, and eyes so blue and clear that it was a pleasure to look into them. The child said not a word, nor did she cry; but each time the little door was opened she gave a long, long look into the yard. She had not a button- that she knew right well, and therefore she remained standing sorrowfully outside, till all the others had seen the grave and had gone away; then she sat down, held her little brown hands before her eyes, and burst into tears; this girl alone had not seen Puggie's grave. It was a grief as great to her as any grown person can experience.

We saw this from above; and looked at from above, how many a grief of our own and of others can make us smile! That is the story, and whoever does not understand it may go and purchase a share in the tan-yard from the window.

THE END

There, now, the truth is out. And I will own, that when people saw my father perched up in front of the omnibus of death, dressed in his long, wide, black cloak, and his black-edged, three-cornered hat on his head, and then glanced at his round, jocund face, round as the sun, they could not think much of sorrow or the grave. That face said, "It is nothing, it will all end better than people think." So I have inherited from him, not only my good temper, but a habit of going often to the churchyard, which is good, when done in a proper humor; and then also I take in the Intelligencer, just as he used to do.

I am not very young, I have neither wife nor children, nor a library, but, as I said, I read the Intelligencer, which is enough for me; it is to me a delightful paper, and so it was to my father. It is of great use, for it contains all that a man requires to know; the names of the preachers at the church, and the new books which are published; where houses, servants, clothes, and provisions may be obtained. And then what a number of subscriptions to charities, and what innocent verses! Persons seeking interviews and engagements, all so plainly and naturally stated. Certainly, a man who takes in the Intelligencer may live merrily and be buried contentedly, and by the end of his life will have such a capital stock of paper that he can lie on a soft bed of it, unless he prefers wood shavings for his resting-place. The newspaper and the churchyard were always exciting objects to me. My walks to the latter were like bathing-places to my good humor. Every one can read the newspaper for himself, but come with me to the churchyard while the sun shines and the trees are green, and let us wander among the graves. Each of them is like a closed book, with the back uppermost, on which we can read the title of what the book contains, but nothing more. I had a great deal of information from my father, and I have noticed a great deal myself. I keep it in my diary, in which I write for my own use and pleasure a history of all who lie here, and a few more beside.

Now we are in the churchyard. Here, behind the white iron railings, once a rose-tree grew; it is gone now, but a little bit of evergreen, from a neighboring grave, stretches out its green tendrils,and makes some appearance; there rests a very unhappy man, and yet while he lived he might be said to occupy a very good position. He had enough to live upon, and something to spare; but owing to his refined tastes the least thing in the world annoyed him. If he went to a theatre of an evening, instead of enjoying himself he would be quite annoyed if the machinist had put too strong a light into one side of the moon, or if the representations of the sky hung over the scenes when they ought to have hung behind them; or if a palm-tree was introduced into a scene representing the Zoological Gardens of Berlin, or a cactus in a view of Tyrol, or a beech-tree in the north of Norway. As if these things were of any consequence! Why did he not leave them alone? Who would trouble themselves about such trifles? especially at a comedy, where every one is expected to be amused. Then sometimes the public applauded too much, or too little, to please him.

"They are like wet wood," he would say, looking round to see what sort of people were present, "this evening; nothing fires them." Then he would vex and fret himself because they did not laugh at the right time, or because they laughed in the wrong places; and so he fretted and worried himself till at last the unhappy man fretted himself into the grave.

Here rests a happy man, that is to say, a man of high birth and position, which was very lucky for him, otherwise he would have been scarcely worth notice. It is beautiful to observe how wisely nature orders these things. He walked about in a coat embroidered all over,and in the drawing-rooms of society looked just like one of those rich pearl-embroidered bell-pulls, which are only made for show; and behind them always hangs a good thick cord for use. This man also had a stout, useful substitute behind him, who did duty for him, and performed all his dirty work. And there are still, even now, these serviceable cords behind other embroidered bell-ropes. It is all so wisely arranged, that a man may well be in a good humor.

Here rests,- ah, it makes one feel mournful to think of him!-but here rests a man who, during sixty-seven years, was never remembered to have said a good thing; he lived only in the hope of having a good idea. At last he felt convinced, in his own mind, that he really had one, and was so delighted that he positively died of joy at the thought of having at last caught an idea. Nobody got anything by it; indeed, no one even heard what the good thing was. Now I can imagine that this same idea may prevent him from resting quietly in his grave; for suppose that to produce a good effect, it is necessary to bring out his new idea at breakfast, and that he can only make his appearance on earth at midnight, as ghosts are believed generally to do; why then this good idea would not suit the hour, and the man would have to carry it down again with him into the grave- that must be a troubled grave.

The woman who lies here was so remarkably stingy, that during her life she would get up in the night and mew, that her neighbors might think she kept a cat. What a miser she was!

Here rests a young lady, of a good family, who would always make her voice heard in society, and when she sang "Mi manca la voce,"*

it was the only true thing she ever said in her life.

* "I want a voice," or, "I have no voice."

Here lies a maiden of another description. She was engaged to be married,- but, her story is one of every-day life; we will leave her to rest in the grave.

Here rests a widow, who, with music in her tongue, carried gall in her heart. She used to go round among the families near, and search out their faults, upon which she preyed with all the envy and malice of her nature. This is a family grave. The members of this family held so firmly together in their opinions, that they would believe in no other. If the newspapers, or even the whole world, said of a certain subject, "It is so-and-so;" and a little schoolboy declared he had learned quite differently, they would take his assertion as the only true one, because he belonged to the family. And it is well known that if the yard-cock belonging to this family happened to crow at midnight, they would declare it was morning, although the watchman and all the clocks in the town were proclaiming the hour of twelve at night.

The great poet Goethe concludes his Faust with the words, "may be continued;" so might our wanderings in the churchyard be continued.

I come here often, and if any of my friends, or those who are not my friends, are too much for me, I go out and choose a plot of ground in which to bury him or her. Then I bury them, as it were; there they lie, dead and powerless, till they come back new and better characters. Their lives and their deeds, looked at after my own fashion, I write down in my diary, as every one ought to do. Then, if any of our friends act absurdly, no one need to be vexed about it. Let them bury the offenders out of sight, and keep their good temper. They can also read the Intelligencer, which is a paper written by the people, with their hands guided. When the time comes for the history of my life, to be bound by the grave, then they will write upon it as my epitaph-

"The man with a cheerful temper."

And this is my story.

THE END

■作者:王可心

气球“DV”

"DV"开幕前

女主角独白

儿歌《洋娃娃和小熊跳舞》

小朋友说梦想

萨克斯吹奏

街舞表演

歌曲《only love》

朗诵《放飞梦想》

 独舞《孔雀飞来》

《祝我生日快乐》

歌曲《最初的梦想》

DV落幕

■作者:黄成成

2007届毕业生的“求职大战”又已展开。今天，就业歧视依然是大学生们求职路上的一块绊脚石吗？他们依然为就业歧视而感到困惑和烦闷吗？

女生先出局：性别歧视依然存在

在找工作的过程中，女生们似乎总是显得很无奈。“招聘的时候没有明文规定不招女生，可为什么最后通过面试的全是男生？”时隔半年，小程对于当初找工作时遇到的性别歧视仍然感到很气愤。

小程是武汉某著名高校新闻专业的2006届研究生，在学院里被称为“才女”的她文笔好，新闻实践经验也很丰富，毕业时被同学和导师一致看好。去年11月，她参加了某报业集团的招聘考试，并以优秀的笔试成绩进入复试。面试时她觉得自己发挥得不错，可之后她却没有等到任何通知。

更让她不解的是，进入笔试的同学里男女生的比例是差不多的，甚至女生稍多一点，可最后被录用的名单里，却清一色全是男生。她回忆说，自己当时认识了一些同进入复试的女生，大多面试分很高、综合表现也很优秀。

“现在很多单位并不写明只招男生，却在淘汰的过程中先推女生出局，这不是变相的性别歧视吗？”小程说，还有太多像她一样的女研究生、女本科生，面对用人单位的性别歧视，根本没有抗争的力量。

2005年3月，智联招聘网与新浪网联合就“进入职场男女是否平等”进行了调查，结果显示，“性别不平等依然存在”。在“女大学生在毕业时是否感到就业性别歧视”的一项中，认为求职很顺利的只有5.59%，认为女性必须比男性付出更多的努力才行的却有28.90%；承认的确存在的有32.75%，当然能感到且为此很痛苦的是20.40%；也有12.35%的调查参与者肯定女性有自身的优势，在求职中具备有利的一面。

学历还要“查三代”

名牌大学的博士学位、硕士学位还不够，还要看本科。这是如今招聘会上用人单位查看学历的的要求，被不少人称为“查三代”。

李锐(化名)本科时就读于江西一所二类高校，考研时“发狠”奋斗，终于考上了北京师范大学心理学专业的研究生。怀揣着研究生文凭，李锐自信能找到不错的工作。没想到，面试官对自己的学历并不满意。

“我们很看重学生的本科背景，”在一家心里咨询公司的招聘会上，面试的负责人翻着他的简历，头也不抬地说。

“那一刻，连我自己都怀疑自己，觉得自己低人一等了，就因为自己的本科学校不是名牌大学、不是211学校。”两轮大的招聘会已经结束，毫无着落的他有些泄气。

去年3月，《新京报》报道，北京大学一位博士毕业生到吉林省一高校求职，刚接触时这所高校很有兴趣，但一查原始学历，发现这位博士毕业生在大学本科时读的不是名校，遂将其拒之门外。

“好像只有一路重点学校读下来，才能在找工作的时候有点底气，”李锐不理解的是，即使是非重点院校的本科，但通过考研时的努力奋斗，进入更好的学校攻读硕士，不也是能力的体现吗？为什么用人单位非得抓着“名校”不放呢？

身高：心中永远的痛

“个子矮就当不了好老师吗？”一次又一次被拒绝，陈晨(化名)显得很沮丧。

22岁的陈晨是湖北教育学院商务英语专业的应届毕业生，156厘米的身高，让他至今仍与梦想的英语教师职业无缘。

今年春节刚过，他就开始忙着找工作了。简历投了不少，也接到了很多试讲的通知。可每次试讲后，学校领导都会婉言拒绝。

最惨痛的经历是去新东方英语学校试讲时，刚走上讲台，作完自我介绍，台下居然传来声音说：“同学，我只能刚好看到你的脸。”讲台很高，遮住了他的身子。

“脸一阵阵地发烧，”陈晨说，“为什么甚至都不听我开始讲课，就开始对我的身高进行打击？”

在陈晨的印象里，“男子身高不得低于160厘米”，已经成了不少学校招聘老师的“隐性条件”。

我国于1995年12月12日颁布实施了《教师资格条例》，其中有“符合国家规定的从事教育教学工作的身体条件”的规定，但没有关于身高的具体细则。

但是，目前不少学校对教师的身高都有相应的规定，如“男生身高不得低于165厘米,女生身高不得低于158厘米”等。今年公务员考试首次取消身高限制，被不少人认为是解决身高歧视的一个良好开端。

肝病限制：用人单位怎么都在躲我们

患肝病的大学毕业生，在找工作时受到的限制似乎更多。

清华大学汽车工程专业的小丁在大二时查出患有“乙肝”，不过，医生告诉他，这种乙肝没有传染性，对工作和生活没有任何影响。

可是，今年大四的他，还是因为肝病受到了用人单位的拒绝。在河南某电力设计院的招聘台前，无论他怎么解释，用人单位还是坚持说“不招收乙肝患者”。(郭姗姗)

摘 要:美国手语既不同于英语，也不同于手势代码英语，它有着自己独特的语法规则和使用要求。如在句子的语序上和书面语言、口语不同，聋人往往将需要强调的内容放在最后。在使用动词时根据其方向性分为单一方向、多向和无方向性三类。动词的时态需要用表示特定时间的手势来说明。在将手势组成句子时，按主题说明式、因果关系和刺激反应式、真实时间顺序式和从总体到具体的句型。作为一种视觉语言，它更强调用面部表情、体态语言等配合手势表达情意。如在表达否定思想时伴以摇头；在于聋人进行交往时要考虑光线、位置、动作的方向等因素；在有必要使用指拼时，双方都要以单词为单位来表达感知。这样才能实现有效的交流。
关键词:美国手语 聋人 视觉语言 语法

A Brief Introduction to Grammar Rules 
of American Sign Language . G&;96  
Lan Jijun(education deprt. Of Shanxi Normal University,Xi’an,710062)
Chen Shaoyi(Xi’an Art School for the Deaf,Xi’an,710043)
Abstract:American Sign Language has its own grammar rules which are quite different with those of English or MCEs. For example, the order of sentences are not the same as in the spoken and written English. The deaf often put the most important parts at the end of a sentence. There are three kinds of werbs: one-direction, multi- direction and non- direction. The tenses have to be showed by some specific signs. When the deaf make sentences, they organize the sentences in four ways: subject-describe ones, reason-result ones,real time order ones and colletivity-part. As a kind of visual language, the ASL are made up of facial expressing, body language and signs.Forexample,by shaking hand to show negative; using the light, position and direction in communication. When necessary, the finger spelling is used. Then the deaf spell the sentences by words, not by letter.Only this, can we communicate better with the deaf.
Key words:American Sign Language deaf visual language grammar
美国手语，简称ASL，又称Ameslan，是大多数美国聋人之间进行交流使用的一种手语，它有自己独特的语法结构，与英语语法是不同的。在美国一些普通学校将其作为一门外语来对待。聋人们在使用美国手语时遵循其特定表达方式，所以切不可用英语语法规则来套ASL的语法。
一、 正确认识美国手语   
我们不能把ASL单纯看作是英语单词的手指拼法。指拼法是用手指字母逐个将单词拼打出来，在ASL中也使用了指拼法，但其主要是用在没有专门手势的情况下，大多数ASL的词汇还是由手势组成的。
在美国有几种手势体系，它们与美国手语是不同的，不可混淆。这些符号体系是将英语转化为手势视觉语言的符号形式。他们通常被称为手势代码英语(MCE)。这些符号体系主要是为向聋孩子教英语而设计的。有时MCE中也使用和ASL中一样的手势，还包括一些在ASL中没有的，有特定功能的手势。在MCE中，手势是按英语语法规则来安排的，而ASL不是用代码编号来表达英语的。它在很多方面与英语不同。例如句子的语序不同，如“你昨晚为什么没吃饭?”用手势则打成：“昨晚你吃饭没有为什么”或“昨晚为什么你吃饭没有”。
二、 动词的时态变化
在ASL中手势本身没有时态，手语中的时态是由一些可表明动作何时发生的手势来表示的。这些特定手势称为时间指针。例如在英语中可以说“I saw you.”但在ASL中不管是“看”(see)、“他看”(sees)、“正在看”(seeing)、“曾看见”(saw)，还是“已看过”(seen)，其基本手势都是“看见”(see)。为了表达出和“我曾见过你”一样的意思。需要加上一个表明时间的短语。如“昨天、昨晚、今早”的手势等。如果没有具体时间，则用“已结束”的手势表示过去的动作。对将来时态也可用类似的方法。对于不确定的未来时间使用“将”的手势。注意用来标志不确定时间的词如“结束”和“将要”一般跟在动词后，也可用在动词前。而指特定时间的记号总是在句子前面。在ASL中确定时态经常要借助上下文的作用。如手谈者要告诉看话者发生在过去或将在未来发生的某事。手谈者首先用表示时间的手势来明确事件发生的时间；之后他便不再重复该手势，也不会再引入补充的手势。看话者就可以从交谈开始时出现的时间标志知道手谈者提到的所有事件都发生在这一特定时间内。
三、 动词的方向性
在ASL中的动词可分为三类：无方向性动词，单向性动词和多向性动词。动词手势的运动可表明谁是动作的执行者(主语)、动作指向何人或事物(直接宾语)。
无方向性动词并不表达主语或直接宾语的关系，因而必须指明其主语和直接宾语。“爱，理解，想要”等手势都明显有运动的倾向，但这些运动并没有表达出主语或直接宾语是什么。这就是说该手势没有方向性。所以在这几句中必须使用表达主语和直接宾语的手势。
单一方向的动词手势本身只指出了直接宾语，而主语不明确，单一方向的动词的手势向作为直接宾语的人移动，因而不需加名词或代词。但如果手谈者就是直接宾语，则例外。如“仍然看我”。这里的直接宾语是手谈者(我)，而“看”的手势没有指向直接宾语，因此必须打出它的手势来。
多向动词的手势本身的运动就标明了直接宾语和主语。其手势从主语所代表的人出发移向直接宾语所代表的人，因而不需将主语和直接宾语的手势打出来。一般手势从何方出发，就意味着主语就是该方位所代表的人。而手势移向何方，就意味着该方位所代表的人就是直接宾语。 
四、 由单词到句子  
一个单词代表了一种观点或主张。如果有人说“树”，我们会立即明白其含义，这是因为在人们头脑中有树的概念。手势也是这样。手谈者打出“树”的手势，看话者无需想到单词“树”就可以马上理解。也就是说手势代表的是一个概念或观点，而不是一个词，在使用ASL表达思想时，不要试图给英语中表达同样意思的句子里所有的单词都配上手势，语言并不是这样运作的，如在英语中的“我饿了”。用西班牙语说就成了“我有点饿”。则ASL则应当说“我饿”。在应用手语时，首先要在头脑中想好要表达的思想，忘掉单词，然后找到合适的手势来表达它，即使在查手语工具书时，也不可拘泥于字面，应当借助意思相近的词来查找合适的手势。
ASL中的单词与手势并不是一一对应的。有的单词可用几种方法来表达，此外还有借用(“鸟”的手势常用被指“小鸡”)、省略(如将“How are you,Bob?”简化为“How are you”)、复合(“海洋”共用了四个手势来表示，如“水、波浪1、波浪2、波浪3”)、附加(如将“AGENT”的手势加在“LAW”的手势后表示律师)、重复(如重复握方向盘的动作表示汽车)、缩写(如用SF表示旧金山)等表达方式。
下一步就是要将手势连贯起来。即按一定的规则将单词组合起来(句法)。除了一些简单的句子、命令、请求、感叹句外，ASL的句法和英语有显著差异。首先要有确立主题的概念。即每个句子是以一个主题开头的。主题可以是一个人、一个事物、一个动作或一件事。在“我把书给你”这句话中，主题就是书。如果在英语中也先确定主题的话，应这样说：“这本书，我给你”。在主题之后总是有一些解释的。如上句话的解释是“我把它给你”。

在主题加说明的句型中，首先必须能区分主题和说明部分，说明的句子可分为如下几类：

 (一)描述的句子
在这些句子中，主题是被描述的对象，描述的内容就是说明部分。如“我买了辆新的红汽车”，主题是汽车，说明部分是新的，红的，我买了。在ASL中，物体的颜色一般优先于其它特性，所以用手语就将这句话的表达为“汽车、红的、新的、买、我”。
(二)因果关系或刺激反应式句子
在生活中有果必有因，有反应必先有刺激。这里的原因刺激就是主题，结果反应就是说明。在“吃药后我感觉好多了。”这句中原因刺激物是“吃药”，结果或反应是“感觉好多了”。
(三)需要用真实时间顺序的句子
真实时间顺序是指一句话中的事件必须按它们在现实生活中发生的顺序安排，也就是说原因或刺激必须置于结果或反应之前。在“我很高兴飞机安全着陆，无人受伤”中，事件没有按时间顺序排列。在重新按时间顺序安排后，应当这样说：“当飞机安全着陆，无人受伤时，我很高兴。”假设在你头脑中重演这一场景，你首先看见飞机着陆，接着人走下来，无人受伤，于是你就很高兴。
(四)由总体到具体的句子
这类句子也要像看飞机那样看到整个场景，但得从大到小看，如“当我到达纽约的旅店时已精疲力尽了。”这句话的手势先从最大处“纽约”开始，然后是次大的事物“旅店”，再次是“我”。这样你就看到自己到了旅店，感觉很累，能否成功地将手势用正确顺序打出来，取决于你的想象力，能否将一个场景形象化。这是掌握ASL这种视觉语言的必备技能。
五、 否定
在ASL中最常见的否定方式是在做手势时摇头。如要说“我不明白”。则在做出“我明白”的手势时摇头。摇头的动作否定了原来的话，也就意味着“我不明白”。这一方法几乎适用于所有手势，包括有否定意义的手势。如果手谈者在上例中加上“不”的手势，同时摇头，则可以加强否定的意味。在英语中是不允许有双重否定，但在西班牙语中我们可以说“Yo no se nada”(我什么也不知道)，用英语来说就是“I know nothing.”ASL就像西班牙语可以这样打手势：一边打出“什么也不懂”的手势，一边摇头，构成一个双重否定，一般否定手势跟在它所否定的事物之后，也可先打否定手势，也可在该事物的前后同时出现，而为了起强调作用，则将否定手势放在被否定事物之后，特别是在表达否定的命令时，很多手势本身就包含有否定成分，手谈者在打出手势的否定形式时应同时伴以摇头。
六、 辅助手段
ASL和口语有着各自特点。口语中的词是以声波为传播媒介的。而ASL是视觉空间语言。人们是用眼看ASL，听觉是绝对不参与其中的，因此ASL不仅包括手势，还有面部表情，头部活动，身体姿态以及作手势时对手谈者周围空间的有效利用(在ASL中“讲话人”就是手谈者，而“听话人”就是观察者，观众或读者)。但切记虽然在作手势时离不了指手划脚，而ASL并不仅仅是在比划。
(一)视线
假设有一条与地面平行的直线，从手谈者的胸膛正中发出，我们称之为视线。视线将空间分为左右两边，每当手谈者转动身体时，视线也就随之移动。有一个经常被使用的手势是用食指指点，当手谈者将食指平行于视线指向看话人，意思是“你”，当手谈者将食指指向自己的胸，意思就是“我”，当手谈者将食指指向视线的左或右侧，则意思是“他”“她”或“它”。
(二)手势的位置
人物、地点、事物和事件可被安排在视线的左或右侧。只要位置一确定，以后再提到这个名称时，手谈者只需指点该处即可，如手谈者告诉看话者：“我昨天看见了你父亲。他正开着辆新车。”手谈者将看见的手势指向右边。(如果是左利手，也可指向左边)。这个动作提示看话者手谈者要谈的是谁。因为“看见”的手势指向了视线的右边，看话人就知道此时“父亲”这个名称就在右边。以后手谈者一指向右边，就是指“他”，而且直到手谈者又将另外的人或事放在此处为止，这个方位一直都指“他”。在同一时间、同一地点不能安排多个人、地点或事物，而同时在不同地方则可以安排不同事物。如手谈者说：“昨天我去了饭馆、电影院、博物馆”。这三个地点是放在三个不同方位的。而且饭馆的手势位置要比电影响院更靠近手谈者。这两个地点的手势都在视线右边但其手势落的位置稍有差异。不要将某人的手势放在视线本身上。除了个别情况，这个位置是留给看话者的。任何在视线上停流或移动的手势都与看话者有关，别人不能占用此处。但也有例外，如“我有一本书，它很有趣”。首先手谈者打出书的手势，然后用手指指那里，在类似情况下，手谈者应将与看话者无关的事物放在靠近自己一端的视线上，并且一定要指向该处。
(三)面部表情
在口语中语调的升降可改变词义。在ASL中则是通过面部微妙的变化来表达细微的意思差别，手势和单词一样，本身有一定意义，但其意义是被面部表情所改变着，定型着，丰富着和增加着的。对聋人而言，缺乏表情就向讲话单调的人一样，既乏味又难以理解。在提问时ASL中的面部表情更为重要，一般情况下，当用手势问WH问题(谁，什么，为什么，那里，何时，哪个，怎样)时眉毛向下弯。而问其他问题时眉毛一般向上扬，手谈者必须学会运用眉毛、眼睛、嘴来丰富表情，眼睛可能睁大或眯成小缝；口可以张开，闭合；双唇可撮起或伸展；两颊可随吸气呼气而鼓起；甚至有时舌头也会伸出。
(四)体态语言   
体态语言是ASL中重要的内容。交流中信息不仅可由脸，而且也通过头、肩、躯干、腿、脚等来传递，头部可能会向前倾、向后仰或向两侧摆，特别是在回答问题时表现突出，肩膀可以耸起来，身体则会向前弯向后仰或扭动，要实现用手语清楚、可理解的交流，整个身体的参与是不可缺少的。当然也有可能过于夸张，但多做一些比少做或不做要好得多。聋人被认为善于摩仿、活跃、擅长运动，这要归功于他们对肢体语言的掌握。
七、与聋人交流的技巧
(一)在用手语交谈时，要避免强光直射对方，对聋人而言，强光就如同影响健听人的噪音一样。
(二)要吸引聋人的注意力，可轻拍他们的肩膀。如果相距甚远，可以挥动手臂。聋人有时也用脚跺木板或开关电灯来引起别人的注意。但我们不主张健听人也这样做。只有经过多年的实践才能在做这些举动时传达微妙的内涵。
(三)注意不要站、坐在交谈者中间。往往在拥挤的房间里或两个聋人坐得太远，都会发生这种现象。 
(四)不要做出诸如在桌子上敲手指或用脚拍打地板之类的行为。如果你这样做，聋人会不时转头看你。因为聋人对震动很敏感，所以要避免做不必要的动作。
(五)根据你要表达的情感，同样的手势在不同条件下要用不同的表情来配合。
(六)聋人都有自己的手势名字，用来代表特定人，而不是来翻译其姓名的，两个同名的人可以有不同的手势名字。当首次见到一个聋人时，你应该用手指字母拼出自己的名字。通常只有当双方的关系发展到很熟悉时，才会问对方的手势名字。

(七)如果你要强调某物，则应把它安排在句末或靠近句末的地方。最后看到的往往也记得最好。
(八)必要时使用指拼法，应注意：
1.放松手指。
2.将肘和手置于身体前方。
3.保持一种固定节奏，不要将手上下抖动。
4.在每个单词的结尾停顿约四分之一个节拍。
5.拼字母时动作不要太快。

6.拼打时按单词而不是字母作为辅助发音或模拟口型。
7.找个同伴一起练习以学会辨别他人的指拼。此时不要模拟口型或发音。
8.在观察对方的指拼时，以单词而不是字母为单位来感知。

ASL中手势的形成就像平时发音一样，清楚地用手语表达取决于正确地打出手势、手势动作流畅，从一个手势向另一个过渡自然而没有停顿或犹豫、正确应用面部表情、头和身体姿势的恰当应用以及空间的有效利用。要达到以上目标的唯一办法是使用这一语言与聋人交流。他们会帮你改错，而你通过仔细观察就能自己改正错误，更好地调整。
从美国手语的语法特点可以看出它作为独立语言的地位，这对于开展聋人双语教育、发展聋人文化有着积极意义。在中国聋人中开展美国手语学习活动，有利于加强中美聋人之间的交流，促进中国聋人手语的研究。
参考文献 CEGQ+4D?  
1 Lou Fant, the American Sign Language Phrase book,(Chicago):the Contemporary Book,Inc.(1994),P17-73.
2 任福会：《手语在美国的争论与使用》，《特殊教育》，1992年第四期，P48。

3 张茂聪、吴永玲、于生丹、王淑荣编著：《中国聋人手语与语言基础》，山东教育出版社，1998年版，P147。
4 吴彩娟译：《手语沟通系统》，《现代特殊教育》，2001年第三期，P47。
5 沈玉林：《中国手语语素分析》，《特殊教育研究》，1993年第一期，P13。
6 徐咏娟：《重视发展聋人的母语——聋人手语》，《中国特殊教育》，2000年第二期，P61。
7 沈玉林：《中国手语与美国手语表意法比较研究》，《特殊教育研究》，1998年第四期，P22。
8 ［法］游顺钊：《视觉语言学论集》，语文出版社，1996年。(完)
（来源：聋星网，唐无欢，2003/4/10）