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Other key devices that could aide in the utilities efforts to shed load during times of peak demand include air conditioning units, electric water heaters,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University, pool pumps and other high wattage devices. In 2009, smart grid companies may represent one of the biggest and fastest growing sectors in the "cleantech" market . It consistently receives more than half the venture capital investment.
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The IEEE P2030 project seeks to define interoperability between various types of power grids, in part to prevent the emergence of too many incompatible silos that would cause the overall grid to be less resilient.
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In 2009 President Barack Obama asked the United States Congress "to act without delay" to pass legislation that included doubling alternative energy production in the next three years and building a new electricity "smart grid". On April 13, 2009, George W. Arnold was named the first National Coordinator for Smart Grid Interoperability . In June 2009, the NIST announced a smart grid interoperability project via IEEE P2030.
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Bill St. Arnaud of CANARIE (Canada's backbone research institute) argues often for closer integration of power and telecom policy, proposing that consumers should own their own power meter data explicitly and that they should have a choice of service providers for communication and power management, with reach potentially into every home AC outlet. In the US,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University, FCC Chair Michael Powell likewise expresses support for this principle of unifying the power management and other data services and offering basic levels of both to every consumer, rather than allowing power management to exist in its own separate "silo" or be confined only to non-IP-based meters or devices.
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On August 20, 2009, Casa Presedencial in Costa Rica introduced a bill to the country's Legislative Assembly that would open up the energy market, which is currently run by a government monopoly,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University, and require all new private electricity generators to use smart grid technology.
Europe and Australia are also following similar visions. In those parts of the world,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University, the integration of communications and power control, both of which have generally fallen under more government supervision, is more advanced, with utilities often required or asked to provide competitive access to communications transit exchanges and distributed power co-generation connection points.
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,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University;Researchers and regulators support IP, closer power and data ties
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It is envisioned that the smart grid will likely have a control system that analyzes its performance using distributed, autonomous reinforcement learning controllers that have learned successful strategies to govern the behavior of the grid in the face of an ever changing environment such as equipment failures. Such a system might be used to control electronic switches that are tied to multiple substations with varying costs of generation and reliability.
Resist attack
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Roughly two-thirds of the customers that do not yet have renewable power options would like the choice
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83% of those who cannot yet choose their utility provider would welcome that option
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The real-time, two-way communications available in a smart grid will enable consumers to be compensated for their efforts to save energy and to sell energy back to the grid through net-metering. By enabling distributed generation resources like residential solar panels, small wind and plug-in hybrid, smart grid will spark a revolution in the energy industry by allowing small players like individual homes and small businesses to sell power to their neighbors or back to the grid. The same will hold true for larger commercial businesses that have renewable or back-up power systems that can provide power for a price during peak demand events, typically in the summer when air condition units place a strain on the grid. This participation by smaller entities has been called the "democratization of energy"—it is similar to former Vice President Al Gore's vision for a Unified Smart Grid.
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A smart grid, is, in essence, an attempt to require consumers to change their behavior around variable electric rates or to pay vastly increased rates for the privilege of reliable electrical service during high-demand conditions. Historically, the intelligence of the grid in North America has been demonstrated by the utilities operating it in the spirit of public service and shared responsibility, ensuring constant availability of electricity at a constant price, day in and day out, in the face of any and all hazards and changing conditions. A smart grid incorporates consumer equipment and behavior in grid design, operation, and communication. This enables consumers to better control (or be controlled by) “smart appliances” and &ldquo,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University;intelligent equipment” in homes and businesses, interconnecting energy management systems in “smart buildings” and enabling consumers to better manage energy use and reduce energy costs. Advanced communications capabilities equip customers with tools to exploit real-time electricity pricing, incentive-based load reduction signals, or emergency load reduction signals.
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As applied to distribution networks, there is no such thing as a ",Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University;self healing" network. If there is a failure of an overhead power line,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University, given that these tend to operate on a radial basis (for the most part) there is an inevitable loss of power. In the case of urban/city networks that for the most part are fed using underground cables, networks can be designed (through the use of interconnected topologies) such that failure of one part of the network will result in no loss of supply to end users. A fine example of an interconnected network using zoned protection is that of the Merseyside and North Wales Electricity Board (MANWEB).
There is marketing evidence of consumer demand for greater choice. A survey conducted in the summer of 2007 interviewed almost 100 utility executives and sought the opinions of 1,900 households and small businesses from the U.S., Germany, Netherlands, England, Japan and Australia. Among the findings:
And as already noted, in the UK where the experiment has been running longest,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University, 80% have no interest in change (source: National Grid).
,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University;
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Almost two-thirds are interested in operating their own generation, provided they can sell power back to the utility
Consumer participation
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churchman business school ,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University;
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Before recent standards efforts,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University, municipal governments,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University, for example in Miami, Florida, have historically taken the lead in enforcing integration standards for smart grids/meters. As municipalities or municipal electricity monopolies also often own some fiber optic backbones and control transit exchanges at which communication service providers meet, they are often well positioned to force good integration.
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A Home Area Network, or "home grid", extends some of these capabilities into the home using powerline networking and/or RF using standards such as Zigbee, INSTEON,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University, Zwave, or others.
Municipalities also have primary responsibility for emergency response and resilience, and would in most cases have the legal mandate to ration or provision power, say to ensure that hospitals and fire response and shelters have priority and receive whatever power is still available in a general outage.
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Home Area Network
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Because of the communication standards both smart power grids and some Home Area Networks support more bandwidth than is required for power control and therefore may cost more than required. The existing 802.11 home networks generally have megabits of additional bandwidth for other services (burglary, fire, medical and environmental sensors and alarms, ULC and CCTV monitoring, access control and keying systems, intercoms and secure phone line services), and accordingly can't be separated from LAN and VoIP networking, nor from TV once the IPTV standards have emerged.
Regardless of terminology used, smart grid projects always intend to allow the continental and national interconnection backbones to fail without causing local smart grids to fail. They would have to be able to function independently and ration whatever power is available to critical needs.
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Consumer electronics devices now consume over half the power in a typical US home. Accordingly,Brown University,Churchman Business School,Northwestern University, the ability to shut down or hibernate devices when they are not receiving data could be a major factor in cutting energy use, but this would mean the electric company has information on whether you are using your computer or not, and if, for example, you simply have a screen saver on with family pictures while you do chores or work around the house, the electric company could at their discretion decide your computer is not being used and turn it off for you.
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Municipal grid
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Latency of the data flow is a major concern, with some early smart meter architectures allowing actually as long as 24 hours delay in receiving the data, preventing any possible reaction by either supplying or demanding devices.
,Northwestern University,Brown University,Churchman Business School;Scale and scope
Provision megabits, control power with kilobits, sell the rest
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The amount of data required to perform monitoring and switching your appliances off without your consent is very small compared with that already reaching even remote homes to support voice, security,Northwestern University,Brown University,Churchman Business School, Internet and TV services. Many smart grid bandwidth upgrades are paid for by over-provisioning to support also consumer services, and subsidizing the communications with energy-related services or subsidizing the energy-related services, such as higher rates during peak hours, with communications. This is particularly true where governments run both sets of services as a public monopoly, e.g. in India. Because power and communications companies are generally separate commercial enterprises in North America and Europe, it has required considerable government and large-vendor effort to encourage various enterprises to cooperate. Some, like Cisco, see opportunity in providing devices to consumers very similar to those they have long been providing to industry. Others , such as Silver Spring Networks or Google , are data integrators rather than vendors of equipment. While the AC power control standards suggest powerline networking would be the primary means of communication among smart grid and home devices,Northwestern University,Brown University,Churchman Business School, the bits may not reach the home via BPL initially but by fixed wireless. This may be only an interim solution however as separate power and data connections simply defeats full control.
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Europe's SuperSmart Grid, as well as earlier proposals (such as Al Gore's continental Unified Smart Grid) make semantic distinctions between local and national grids that sometimes conflict. Papers ,Northwestern University,Brown University,Churchman Business School; by Battaglini et al. associate the term "smart grid",Northwestern University,Brown University,Churchman Business School; with local clusters (page 6),Northwestern University,Brown University,Churchman Business School, whereas the intelligent interconnecting backbone provides an additional layer of coordination above the local smart grids. Media use in both Europe and the US however tends to conflict national and local.
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