尊敬的克劳斯·施瓦布主席，尊敬的各位来宾，

女士们，先生们：

2008年夏季达沃斯论坛在天津召开。首先，我谨代表中国政府，并以我个人的名义表示热烈的祝贺！对各位来宾表示诚挚的欢迎！

达沃斯论坛创办37年来，已成为国际交流与对话的重要平台，为世界的发展和进步发挥了积极作用。去年达沃斯论坛在中国大连成功举办了首届夏季年会，今年又在天津举办第二届年会。我们为论坛的发展和成就，为论坛与中国的进一步合作感到由衷的高兴。

北京刚刚举办了奥运会，为世界各国运动员提供了展示风采的舞台，同时也向世界展示了中国的新风貌。今天，我们能够成功举办这样的世界体育盛会，说明中国的综合国力有了大幅度提升，这是改革开放的成果。

今年是中国改革开放30周年。30年前的中国是个什么样子？那时，我们刚刚结束了“文化大革命”，整个国家处于封闭半封闭的落后状况，国民经济走到了崩溃的边缘。中国向何处去？这个重大而紧迫的问题摆在了中国人民面前。我们坚持解放思想，实事求是，选择了改革开放的道路，这是决定当代中国命运的关键抉择。

中国的改革发端于农村。开始时是涓涓细流，后来发展成势不可挡的洪流。改革从农村到城市，从经济领域到政治、文化和社会等各个领域。中国的开放则从建立深圳等四个经济特区到沿海、沿江、沿边城市，再到全方位、多层次的全面开放。我们成功实现了从高度集中的计划经济体制到充满活力的社会主义市场经济体制、从封闭半封闭状态到全方位对外开放的历史性转变。确立了社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度，建立了适应市场经济要求的现代企业制度，形成了统一开放竞争有序的现代市场体系，建立了以经济手段和法律手段为主的宏观调控体系，完善了按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度，逐步健全以公平正义为目标的社会保障等体系。同时，推进了教育、文化、科技、卫生等社会领域的改革，推进了以社会主义民主政治建设为主要内容的政治体制改革，确立依法治国、建设法治国家的方略。

改革开放从根本上改变了中国长期闭关锁国和沉闷僵化的状况，打破了束缚人们的思想和体制桎梏，极大地调动了亿万人民群众的积极性和创造性，给中国大地带来了蓬勃的生机和活力，有力地推动了经济社会的大发展。中国经济连续30年保持高速增长，国内生产总值占全球的比重由1978年的1%上升到2007年的5%以上，对外贸易总额占全球的比重由不足1%上升到8%左右。广大人民群众真正从改革开放中得到了实惠，实现了从温饱不足到总体小康的转变。更为重要的是，改革开放使整个社会活跃起来了，人们能够自由地依靠自己的勤劳、节俭和智慧创造幸福美好的生活。

女士们，先生们：

中国30年的变化，得益于改革开放。中国要实现富强民主文明和谐的现代化目标，仍然要靠改革开放。中国正处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段，经济社会还存在许多不容忽视的问题，城乡之间、地区之间、经济与社会发展之间不平衡、不协调，经济发展方式粗放，人口、资源、环境压力大，劳动就业、社会保障、收入分配、教育卫生等方面问题仍然较多，还有贪污腐败现象严重等问题。解决这些问题归根到底要靠深化改革。只有坚持改革开放，坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义道路，国家才有光明的前途，从这个意义上说，改革开放一定要贯穿中国现代化建设的全过程。

——我们要继续深化经济体制改革。进一步完善基本经济制度，健全市场体系；深化财税、金融体制改革，完善宏观调控体系。当前，特别要加快资源性产品价格形成机制改革，更好地发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性作用；继续深化国有企业股份制改革，健全现代企业制度；进一步完善公共财政体系和转移支付制度，全面推进增值税转型改革；建立健全资源有偿使用制度和生态环境补偿机制，适时推进资源税制度改革；大力发展各类金融市场，促进资本市场稳定健康发展，完善人民币汇率形成机制，逐步实现资本项目可兑换。通过深化改革，使整个体制更加适应现代经济发展的要求。

——我们要继续推进政治体制改革和其他方面改革。人民民主是社会主义的生命，没有民主，就没有社会主义。我们不仅要通过发展经济改善人民生活，还要通过民主法制建设保障人民的民主权利，实现社会公平和正义。我们要建设社会主义法治国家，依法管理国家事务和社会事务，创造条件让人民更有效地批评和监督政府，努力造就人人心情舒畅、生动活泼的政治局面，促进社会和谐。要办好人民满意的教育，让每个孩子都能上得起学、上好学；建立基本医疗卫生制度，让全体人民都享有基本医疗保障；加快健全覆盖城乡的社会保障体系，更好地关爱社会弱势群体，让全体人民共享改革和发展成果。

——我们要进一步拓展对外开放的深度和广度。开放也是改革，只有开放兼容，国家才能富强。中国的对外开放是长期的、全面的、互利的。一切有利于对外开放的政策，我们都会坚持下去。我们要不断学习和借鉴人类创造的一切优秀文明成果。我们积极参与经济全球化的进程，推动建设公正合理的国际贸易体系和金融体制，坚定地支持多哈回合谈判早日达成平衡的结果，支持完善国际贸易准则，推进贸易投资自由化便利化，继续在多边经贸体系中发挥建设性作用。继续深化涉外经济体制改革，完善涉外经济法律法规和政策，扩大市场准入，加大知识产权保护力度，改善外商来华投资兴业环境。一个制度更加完善、社会充满活力、持续稳定发展、对外更加开放的中国，不仅有利于增加13亿中国人民的福祉，而且必将对世界和平与发展做出更大的贡献。

女士们，先生们：

今年初，我曾经讲过，今年是中国经济最为困难的一年。我国遭受了严重的雨雪冰冻灾害和特大地震灾害，又面临国内外复杂多变的环境。我们克服重重困难，保持了经济的平稳较快发展态势。上半年国内生产总值同比增长10.4%；农业发展势头良好，夏粮连续五年增产；投资、消费、出口三大需求增长趋向平衡，经济发展协调性增强；产业结构调整加快，节能减排取得明显成效，财政收入和企业利润保持较快增长，发展质量和效益进一步提高；城镇就业持续增加，城乡居民收入继续提高；近几个月来，居民消费价格指数逐月回落。总的看，中国经济发展的基本面没有改变，正朝着宏观调控的预期方向发展。

大家很关心中国经济能不能继续保持平稳较快发展。我的看法是，当前困难不少，一方面，国际经济环境更趋严峻复杂，金融动荡加剧，经济明显减速；另一方面，国内价格上涨压力仍然很大，农业基础还很薄弱，能源资源制约经济发展的矛盾比较突出，部分行业和企业生产经营困难，金融领域存在不少隐患。但是，我认为，中国所遭遇的困难，是发展过程中的困难。保证中国经济持续、快速增长的有利条件很多。中国正处于工业化、城市化加快发展的阶段，经济增长潜力很大。今后一个比较长的时期，中国发展仍处于重要战略机遇期。我国劳动力和资金供给仍然充裕，国内消费和投资需求持续增长的潜力还很大，市场广阔，企业竞争力和活力不断增强，宏观调控能力和水平在实践中继续提高，政治社会稳定，特别是我们在改革开放中已经形成符合中国国情和人民意愿的路线、战略和方针政策，这些都是长期起作用的因素。和平与发展仍然是当今世界的主题，国际环境总体上对我国发展有利。我们完全有信心、有能力克服前进中的各种困难，保持国民经济在更长时间内又好又快发展。

举办这次会议的天津是中国近代工业的重要发祥地和最早对外开放的城市之一，也是中国的国际港口城市。现在天津滨海新区开发开放已纳入国家总体发展战略布局规划，成为中国一个新的经济增长极。在座的许多企业都是全球成长型企业，最富活力、竞争力和发展潜力，欢迎大家到中国来投资，到天津来兴业，抓住机会发展壮大自己。我真诚地祝愿本次论坛获得圆满成功！

谢谢大家。

Following is the translated version of the full text of Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao's speech delivered here on Saturday at the opening ceremony of the Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2008, or Summer Davos, hosted by the World Economic Forum:

    Reform and Opening-up -- the Eternal Driving Force For China's Development

    Wen Jiabao

    Premier of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China

    The World Economic Forum Summer Davos 2008

    27 September,2008

    Professor Klaus Schwab, Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum,

    Distinguished Guests,

    Ladies and Gentlemen,

    Let me begin by extending,on behalf of the Chinese Government and in my own name, warm congratulations on the opening of the World Economic Forum Summer Davos 2008 in Tianjin and a warm welcome to you all!

    In the 37 years since its inception,the World Economic Forum has grown into an important platform for international exchanges and dialogue and played an active role in promoting world development and progress. Last year,the Summer Davos had its first successful annual meeting in Dalian,China and now it is holding this second annual meeting in Tianjin. We applaud the Forum's progress and achievements and are pleased with the deepened cooperation between China and the Forum.

    This year marks the 30th anniversary of reform and opening-up in China. What was China like 30 years ago? At that time,we had just put an end to the "Cultural Revolution", and the country wasin a backward and closed or semi-closed state with the economy on the brink of collapse. "Where should China go?" was a big and pressing question facing the Chinese people. Following the principles of freeing minds and seeking truth from facts, we chosethe path of reform and opening-up,a critical choice that has since shaped the course of development of contemporary China.

    China's reform began in the rural areas. It spread from the country to cities and from the economic sector to the political, cultural, social and all other fields. What started as a small stream grew into an unstoppable mighty current. The opening-up endeavor started with the establishment of Shenzhen and three other special economic zones and expanded to cities along the coast, rivers and border areas and eventually became an all-directional and multi-tiered opening-up. We have achieved the historic transition from a highly centralized planned economy to avibrant socialist market economy and from a closed or semi-closed society to one that is fully open to the outside world. We have established the basic economic system for the primary stage of socialism, a modern corporate system that meets the needs of the market economy, and a modern market system that is unified, open, competitive and in good order. We have built a macro-economic regulation system that relies mainly on economic and legal means. And we have gradually improved the system under which distribution according to work is dominant and a variety of distribution modes coexist. The social safety net has been further improved for greater equity and justice. At the same time, we have advanced reform in education, culture, science,t echnology, health and other areas, promoted political restructuring with the focus on expanding socialist democracy and adopted the strategy of buildinga country under the rule of law.

    Reform and opening-up brought a fundamental change to the closed, backward and ossified situation that existed in China for years. They freed people's minds, broke the institutional barriers to development, unleashed tremendous enthusiasm and creativity of hundreds of millions of Chinese people, injected great vigor and vitality into the nation, and greatly stimulated economic and social development. As a result, China has achieved 30 years of continued fast economic growth. Back in 1978,China's GDP accounted for only 1% of the world's total. By 2007,it was over 5%. China's share in global trade jumped from less than 1% to roughly 8% during this period. Reform and opening-up have delivered real benefits to the people, whose livelihood has undergone great changes - from lack of adequate food and clothing to moderate prosperity. What is more important is that reform and opening-up have invigorated the whole society and enabled people to freely pursue a happy life through hard work, frugality and wisdom.

    Ladies and Gentlemen,

    China's changes over the past three decades would not have been possible without reform and opening-up. To meet the goals of the modernization drive and build China into a prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced and harmonious country, we must remain committed to reform and opening-up. China is still in the primary stage of socialism and will remain so for a long time to come,and there are many economic and social issues that call for our attention. For example, there is a lack of balance and coordination in the development between urban and rural areas, among different regions and between the economic and social sectors. The pattern of economic growth remains extensive. There are heavy population, resources and environmental pressures, as well as many challenges in employment,social security,income distribution,education and health. Corruption is also a serious problem. The fundamental solution to these problems lies in deepened reform. Only by continuing reform and opening-up and unswervingly following the path of socialism with distinctive Chinese features can China have a bright future. Reform and opening-up must be carried on through the entire process of China's modernization drive.

    -- We will continue to deepen economic reform. We will further improve the basic economic system and market system, deepen reform of the fiscal,taxation and banking systems and improve themacro-economic regulation system. At the current stage,it is particularly important to accelerate reform of the price-setting mechanism of resource products,bring into full play the basic role of the market in resources allocation,further deepen reform to institute the shareholding system in SOEs and improve the modern corporate system. We will build better public finance and transfer payments systems,push forward reform of value-added tax,set up and improve the compensation systems for use of resources and for damage caused to the ecosystem,and carry forward reform of the resource taxes system. We will also work hard to develop financial markets of various types,promote stable and sound development of the capital market,improve the RMB exchange rate regime and gradually make the RMB convertible under capital accounts. By deepening reform,we aim to build a whole set of systems that can better meet the needs of modern economic development.

    -- We will continue to promote political restructuring and reform in other aspects. People's democracy is the lifeblood of socialism. Without democracy, there can be no socialism. We will not only improve people's lives by developing economy, but also protect their democratic rights by improving democracy and the legal system and achieve social equity and justice. We will build a socialist country under the rule of law and run state and social affairs according to law. We will create conditions that allow people to criticize and supervise the work of the government more effectively, and foster a lively political environment in which everyone feels happy and the society is harmonious. We must ensure that our education system can meet the needs of the people, and every child can afford to go to school and receive good education. We will set up basic medical and health care system for the entire population. And we will further improve the social security system covering both urban and rural areas at a faster pace, take better care of the vulnerable in the society and let everyone share the fruits of reform and development.

    -- We will further deepen and broaden opening-up. Opening-up also means reform. Only an open and inclusive country can prosper. China's opening-up is long-term and all-directional that benefits all. We will stick to all those policies that facilitate opening-up. We will keep learning from and drawing upon all the achievements of human civilization. We will take an active part ineconomic globalization,promote the establishment of a just and equitable international trade system and financial regime. We willfirmly support the efforts to achieve early and balanced results at the Doha Round negotiations and improve the norms governing international trade,push forward trade and investment liberalization and facilitation,and continue to play a constructive role in the multilateral trading system. We will deepen the foreign-related economic structural reform,improve foreign-related economic laws,regulations and policies,expand market access,strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights and provide a better environment for foreign businesse in China. With a better system,a dynamic society,sustained and steady development and greater openness,China will not only bringmore benefits to the 1.3 billion Chinese people,but also make greater contribution to world peace and development.

    Ladies and Gentlemen,

    As I said earlier in the year, 2008 could be the most difficult year for China's economy. We experienced heavy snow and sleet storms and the devastating earthquake and faced a complex and changing situation both at home and abroad. Yet,we have overcome difficulties one after another and maintained the momentum of steady and fast economic growth. In the first six months,the GDP grew by 10.4% over the corresponding period of last year. Agriculture has enjoyed good development and summer crops have registered five consecutive years of increase. The demands for investment,consumption and export are growing in a more balanced way,and there is better coordination in economic development. With accelerated adjustment in the industrial structure,marked progress in energy conservation and emission reduction,and fairly rapid increase in fiscal revenue and business profits,the quality and efficiency of development have been further enhanced. More jobs have been created in urban areas,and urban and rural income continues to grow. The consumer price index has been coming down in recent months. In short,the economic fundamentals in China remain unchanged and the economy ismoving in the direction envisaged in the macro-economic control policy.

    I know you are interested in whether the Chinese economy will be able to maintain steady and fast growth. Let me share with you my observations. We do face considerable difficulties. First,the world economic environment is getting tougher and more complex,with exacerbated financial volatility and notable economic slowdown. Second,pressure for domestic price rises remains high. The foundation of agriculture is still weak. The constraint on development posed by energy and resources is serious. Some industries and businesses are having difficulties with production and management,while hidden problems still exist in the financialsector. However,all these are difficulties that have occurred in the course of our development. There are many favorable conditionsfor China to maintain sustained and fast growth. China is in the stage of rapid industrialization and urbanization and has huge potential for economic growth. The important period of strategic opportunities for China's development will last quite a long time.There is abundant supply of labor and capital as well as huge potential of increased domestic consumption and investment demands.China's market is vast and its enterprises are becoming more competitive and dynamic. Our ability and level of macro-economic control continue to improve through practice. China enjoys political and social stability. In the course of reform and opening-up,we have formulated guidelines,strategies and principles that meet our national conditions and the will of the people. All of these factors will have a long-term impact. In addition,peace and development remain the main trend of the worldtoday,and the international environment as a whole is favorable to China's development. We have full confidence and capability to overcome various difficulties to ensure sound and fast growth of the national economy for an even longer period of time.

    The host city of this Forum, Tianjin, is the birthplace of China's modern industry and one of the earliest cities opening to the outside world. It is also an international port city. To develop and open up Tianjin's Binhai New Area is part of China's overall national development strategy and will become a new growthpoint in China. Many of you are from growing enterprises that are most dynamic, competitive and full of development potential. You are welcome to invest in China,to start businesses in Tianjin andto seize the opportunity and pursue greater development. In conclusion, I sincerely wish this Forum full success!

    Thank you!

Preamble

The States Parties to this Convention Bearing in Mind the broad objectives in the resolutions adopted by the sixth special session of the General Assembly of the United Nations on the establishment of a New International Economic Order.   Considering that the development of international trade on the basis of equality and mutual benefit is an important element in promoting friendly relations among States, Being of the Opinion that the adoption of uniform rules which govern contracts for the international sale of goods and take into account the different social, economic and legal systems would contribute to the removal of legal barriers in international trade and promote the development of international trade, have decreed as follows:

本公约个缔约国 : 铭记联合国大会第六界特别会议通过的关于建立新的国际经济次序的各项决议的广泛目标 , 考虑到在平等互利基础上发展国际贸易 , 是促进各国间友好关系的一个重要因素 , 认为采用照顾到不同的社会 , 经济和法律制度的国际货物销售合同统一规则，将有助于减少国际贸易的法律障碍 , 促进国际贸易的发展 . 兹协议如下 .

PART I
Sphere of Application and General Provisions

Chapter I
Sphere of Application

Article 1
(1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States: ( 本公约适用于营业地在不同国家的当事人之间所订立的货物销售合同， )
(a) when the States are Contracting States; or ( 如果这些国家是缔约国 , 或 )
(b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State. ( 如果国际私法规则导致适用某一缔约国的法律， )
(2) The fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract. ( 当事人营业地在不同国家的事实，如果从合同或从订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时 , 当事人之间的任何交易或当事人透露的情报均看不出 , 应不予考虑 )
(3) Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application of this Convention. ( 在确定本公约的适用时 , 当事人的国籍和当事人或合同的民事或商业性质，应不予考虑 )

Article 2
This Convention does not apply to sales: ( 本公约不适用以下的销售 )
(a) of goods bought for personal, family or household use, unless the seller, at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract, neither knew nor ought to have known that the goods were bought for any such use; ( 购供私人 , 家人或家庭使用的货物销售 , 除非卖方再订立合同前任何时候或订立合同时不知道而且没有理由知道这些货物是购供任何这种使用 )
(b) by auction; ( 经由拍卖销售的 )
(c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law; ( 根据法律执行令状或其他领状的销售 )
(d) of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable （可通过谈判解决的） instruments （手段） or money;( 公债，股票，投资证券 , 流通票据或是货币的销售 )
(e) of ships, vessels （船只） , hovercraft （水翼船） or aircraft;( 船舶 船只，气垫船或是飞机的销售 )
(f) of electricity. ( 电力的销售 )

Article 3
(1) Contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or produced are to be considered sales unless the party who orders the goods undertakes to supply a substantial part of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production.(   供应尚待制造或生产的货物的合同应视为销售合同 , 除非订购货物的当事人保证供应这种制造或生产所需的大部分重要材料 .)
(2) This Convention does not apply to contracts in which the preponderant( 优势的 ) part of the obligations of the party （当事人） who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labour or other services.( 本公约不适用于供应货物一方的绝大部分义务在于供应劳力或其它服务的合同 )  

Article 4
This Convention governs only the formation （形成） of the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer arising from （产生） such a contract. In particular, except as otherwise expressly （明确地） provided in this Convention, it is not concerned with: ( 本公约只适用于销售合同的订立和卖方和买方因此种合同而产生的权利和义务 . 特别是本公约除非另有明文规定 , 与以下事项无关 :)
(a) the validity （效力） of the contract or of any of its provisions （供应） or of any usage;( 合同的效力，或其任何条款的效力，或任何惯例的效力 )
(b) the effect which the contract may have on the property in the goods sold. （合同对所销售物所有权可能产生的影响。）

Article 5
This Convention does not apply to the liability （责任、义务） of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods to any person. （本公约不适用于卖方对于货物对任何人所造成得死亡或伤害的责任）

Article 6
The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12, derogate （背离） from or vary the effect of any of its provisions. （双方当事人可以不适用本公约，或在第十二条的条件下，减损本公约德任何规定或改变其效力。）

Chapter II
General Provisions

Article 7
(1) In the interpretation of this Convention, regard is to be had to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity in its application and the observance of good faith in international trade. （在解释本公约时，应考虑到本公约的国际性质和促进其适用的统一以及在国际贸易上遵守诚信的需要。）
(2) Questions concerning matters governed by this Convention which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law. （凡本公约未明确解决的属于本公约范围的问题，应按照本公约所依据的一般原则来解决，在没有一般原则的情况下，则应按照国际私法规定适用的法律来解决。）

Article 8
(1) For the purposes of this Convention statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to his intent where the other party knew or could not have been unaware what that intent was. （本公约的目的，一方当事人所作的声明和其它行为，应依照他的意旨解释）
(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to the understanding that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would have had in the same circumstances. （如果上一款的规定不适用，当事人所作的声明和其它行为，应按照一个与另一方当事人同等资格、通情达理的人处于相同情况中，应有的理解来解释）
(3) In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a reasonable person would have had, due consideration is to be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent （后来的，并发的） conduct of the parties. （在确定一方当事人的意旨或一个通情达理的人应有的理解时，应适当的考虑到与事实有关的一切情况，包括谈判情形、当事人之间确立的任何习惯作法、惯例和当事人其后的任何行为。）

Article 9
(1) The parties are bound （限制） by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves. （双方当事人业已统一的人和惯例和他们之间确立的任何习惯作法，对双方当事人均有约束力。）
(2) The parties are considered, unless otherwise agreed, to have impliedly made applicable to their contract or its formation a usage of which the parties knew or ought to have known and which in international trade is widely known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involved in the particular trade concerned. （除非另有协议，双方当事人应视为已默示地同意对他们的合同或合同的订立适用双方当事人已知道或理应知道的惯例，而这种惯例，在国际贸易上，已为有关贸易所涉同类合同的当事人所广泛知道并为他们所经常遵守。）

Article 10
For the purposes of this Convention: （为本公约的目的）
(a) if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract; （如果当事人有一个以上的营业地，则以合同约定的履行关系最密切的营业地为其营业地，但要考虑双方当事人在定立合同前任何时候或订立合同时所知道或所设想的情况；）
(b) if a party does not have a place of business, （营业地） reference is to be made to his habitual residence. ( 习惯住所地 ) （如果当事人没有营业地，则以其惯常居所地为准）

Article 11
A contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses. （销售合同无须以书面订立或书面证明，在形式方面不受其他条件的限制。销售合同可以用包括证人在内的任何方法证明）

Article 12
Any provision of article 11, article 29 or Part II of this Convention that allows a contract of sale or its modification （变更） or termination （终止） by agreement or any offer, acceptance or other indication of intention to be made in any form other than in writing does not apply where any party has his place of business in a Contracting State which has made a declaration under article 96 of this Convention. The parties may not derogate （毁损） from or vary the effect or this article. （本公约第十一条、第十二条或第二部分准许销售合同或其更改或根据协议终止，或者任何发价、接受或其他意旨表示得以任何形式作出的任何规定不适用，如果任何一方当事人的营业地是在已按照本公约第九十六条作出了一个声明的一个缔约国内，个当事人不得减损本条或改变其效力）

Article 13
For the purposes of this Convention "writing" includes telegram and telex （电报） . （为本公约的目的，“书面”包括带难保和电传）

PART II
Formation of the Contract

Article 14
(1) A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. A proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates the goods and expressly or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the price. （向一个或一个以上特定的人提出的订立合同的建议，如果十分确定并且表明发价人在得到接受时承受约束的意旨，即构成发价。一个建议如果写明货物并且明示或暗示地规定数量和价格或规定如何确定数量和价格，即为十分确定。）
(2) A proposal other than one addressed to one or more specific persons is to be considered merely as an invitation （邀请） to make offers, unless the contrary is clearly indicated by the person making the proposal. （ 非向一个或一个以上特定的人提出的建议，仅应视为邀请做出发价，除非提出建议的人明确地表示相反的意向。）

Article 15
(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree. （发价于送达被发价人时生效。）
(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable （不能取消的） , may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer. （一项发价，即使是不可撤销的，得予撤回，如果撤回通知于发价送达被发价人之前或同时，送达发价人。）

Article 16
(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked （无效） if the revocation （撤回） reaches the offeree before he has dispatched （发出） an acceptance. （在未订立合同之前，发价得予撤销，如果撤销通知于被发价人发出接受通知之前送达被发价人。）
(2) However, an offer cannot be revoked: （但在下列情况下，发价不得撤销：）
(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or （发价写明接受发价的期限或以其它方式表示发价是不可撤销的；或）
(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance （相信） on the offer. （被发价人有理由信赖该项发价是不可撤销的，而且被发价人已本着对该项发价的信赖行事。）

Article 17
An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated （终止） when a rejection reaches the offeror. （一项发价，即使是不可撤销的，予拒绝通知送达发价人时终止。）

Article 18
(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent （同意） to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance. （被发价人声明或做出其它行为表示同意一项发价，即是接受。）
(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective at the moment the indication of assent reaches the offeror. An acceptance is not effective if the indication of assent does not reach the offeror within the time he has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time, due account being taken of the circumstances of the transaction （交易） , including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise. （接受发价于表示同意的通知送达发价人时生效。如果表示同意的通知在发价人所规定的时间内，如为规定时间，在一段合理的时间内，未曾送达发价人，接受就成为无效，但需要适当的考虑到交易的情况，包括发价人所使用的通讯方法的迅速程度。对口头发价必须立即接受，但情况有别者不在此限。）
(3) However, if, by virtue of （由于） the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act, such as one relating to the dispatch （发送） of the goods or payment of the price, without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective at the moment the act is performed, provided that the act is performed within the period of time laid down （规定） in the preceding paragraph. （但是，如果根据该项发价或依照当事人之间确立的习惯作法或惯例，被发价人可以做出某种行为，例如与发运货物或支付价款有关的行为，来表示同意，而无需向发价人发出通知，则接受于该项行为做出时生效，但该项行为必须在上一款所规定的期间内做出。）

Article 19
(1) A reply to an offer which purports （主旨） to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer. （对发价表示接受但载有添加、限制或其它更改的答复，即委拒绝该项发价，并构成还价。）

  (2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue （不适当的） delay, objects orally to the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that effect. If he does not so object, the terms of the contract are the terms （条款） of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance. （但是， 对发价表示接受但载有添加或不同条件的答复，如所载的添加或不同条件在实质上并不变更该项发价的条件，除发价人在不过分迟延的期间内以口头或书面通知反对其间的差异外，仍构成接受。如果发价人不做出这种反对，合同的条件就以该项发价的条件以及接受通知内所载的更改为准。）
(3) Additional or different terms relating, among other things, to the price, payment, quality and quantity of the goods, place and time of delivery, extent of one party's liability （责任，义务） to the other or the settlement of disputes are considered to alter the terms of the offer materially （本质上） . （有关货物价格、付款、货物质量和数量、交付地点和时间、一方当事人对另一方当事人的赔偿责任范围或解决争端等等的添加或不同条件，均视为实质上变更发价的条件。）

Article 20
(1) A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror in a telegram or a letter begins to run from the moment the telegram is handed in for dispatch or from the date shown on the letter or, if no such date is shown, from the date shown on the envelope. A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror by telephone, telex or other means of instantaneous （即时的） communication, begins to run from the moment that the offer reaches the offeree. （发价人在电报或信件内规定的接受期间，从电报交发时刻或信上的载明的发信日期起算，如信上未载明发信日期，则从信封上所载日期起算。发价人以电话、电传或其它快速通讯方法规定的接受期间，从发价送达被发价人时起算。）
(2) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during the period for acceptance are included in calculating the period. However, if a notice of acceptance cannot be delivered at the address of the offeror on the last day of the period because that day falls on an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the offeror, the period is extended until the first business day which follows. （ 在计算接受期间时，接受期间内的正式假日或非营业日应计算在内。但是，如果接受通知在接受期间的最后１天未能送到发价人地址，因为那天在发价人营业地是正式假日或非营业日，则接受期间应顺延至下一个营业日。

Article 21
(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without delay the offeror orally so informs （告知） the offeree or dispatches a notice to that effect. （ 逾期接受仍有接受的效力，如果发价人毫不迟延地用口头或书面将此种意见通知被发价人。
(2) If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect. （ 如果载有逾期接受的信件或其它书面文件表明，它是在传递正常、能及时送达发价人的情况下寄发的，则该项逾期接受具有接受的效力，除非发价人毫不迟延地用口头或书面通知被发价人：他认为他的发价已经失效。

Article 22
An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective. （ 接受得予撤回，如果撤回通知于接受原应生效之前或同时，送达发价人。

Article 23
A contract is concluded at the moment when an acceptance of an offer becomes effective in accordance with the provisions （规定） of this Convention. （ 合同于按照本公约规定对发价的接受生效时订立。

Article 24
For the purposes of this Part of the Convention, an offer, declaration of acceptance or any other indication of intention "reaches" the addressee when it is made orally to him or delivered by any other means to him personally, to his place of business or mailing address or, if he does not have a place of business or mailing address, to his habitual residence （习惯住所地） . （ 为公约本部分的目的，发价、接受声明或任何其它意旨表示 " 送达 " 对方，系指用口头通知对方或通过任何其它方法送交对方本人，或其营业地或通讯地址，如无营业地或通讯地址，则送交对方惯常居住地。

PART III
Sale of Goods

Chapter I
General Provisions

Article 25
A breach （违背） of contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in such detriment （损害） to the other party as substantially （充分地） to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract, unless the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a result. （ 一方当事人违反合同的结果，如使另一方当事人蒙受损害，以致于实际上剥夺了他根据合同规定有权期待得到的东西，即为根本违反合同，除非违反合同一方并不预知而且一个同等资格、通情达理的人处于相同情况中也没有理由预知会发生这种结果。

Article 26
A declaration of avoidance of the contract is effective only if made by notice to the other party. （ 宣告合同无效的声明，必须向另一方当事人发出通知，方始有效

Article 27
Unless otherwise expressly provided in this Part of the Convention, if any notice, request or other communication is given or made by a party in accordance with this Part and by means appropriate in the circumstances, a delay or error in the transmission of the communication or its failure to arrive does not deprive that party of the right to rely on the communication. （ 除非公约本部分另有明文规定，当事人按照本部分的规定，以适合情况的方法发出任何通知、要求或其它通知后，这种通知如在传递上发生耽搁或错误，或者未能到达，并不使该当事人丧失依靠该项通知的权利。

Article 28
If, in accordance with the provisions of this Convention, one party is entitled to require performance of any obligation by the other party, a court is not bound to enter a judgement for specific performance unless the court would do so under its own law in respect of similar contracts of sale not governed by this Convention. （ 如果按照本公约的规定，一方当事人有权要求另一方当事人履行某一义务，法院没有义务做出判决，要求具体履行此一义务，除非法院依照其本身的法律对不属本公约范围的类似销售合同愿意这样做。

Article 29
(1) A contract may be modified or terminated （终止） by the mere agreement of the parties. （ 合同只需双方当事人协议，就可更改或终止。
(2) A contract in writing which contains a provision requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in writing may not be otherwise modified or terminated by agreement. However, a party may be precluded by his conduct from asserting such a provision to the extent that the other party has relied on that conduct. （ 规定任何更改或根据协议终止必须以书面做出的书面合同，不得以任何其它方式更改或根据协议终止。但是，一方当事人的行为，如经另一方当事人寄以信赖，就不得坚持此项规定。