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<title><![CDATA[善待每一个你碰到的生命]]> </title>
<description>
<![CDATA[与学生共同成长]]>
</description>
<link>http://thesistrans.blog.bokee.net/</link>
<language>zh-cn</language>
<creator>thesistrans</creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 27 Apr 2006 13:12:48 CST </pubDate>
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<item>
<title>涉外商务英语合同应注意的七个方面(1)</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/6394182.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>涉外商务英语合同的语言特色体现在以下几个方面：</p>
<p>　　第一部分、用词方面<br />
　　多用正式或法律上的用词，与口头表述不同，合同是法律性的正式书面文件，使用正式的、法律的用词是必要的。合同起草者应多加强这方面的学习。比如： <br />
　　1、at the request of party b, party a agrees to send technicians to assist party b to install the equipment. <br />
　　应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。 assist 较 help 正式；</p>
<p>　　2、the personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in iraq. <br />
　　所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较 take part in 正式；</p>
<p>　　3、the employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel. <br />
　　雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。 render 较 give 正式；</p>
<p>　　4、party a shall repatriate the patient to china and bear the cost of his passage to guangzhou. <br />
　　甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。 repatriate 较 send back 正式；</p>
<p>　　5、this contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of china. <br />
　　本合同受中国法律管辖，并按中国法律解释。construe 较 explain, interpret 正式；</p>
<p>　　6、the employer may object to and require the contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent. <br />
　　雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时，可以反对并要求立即撤换。require较ask正式；公文体forthwith 较 at once 正式；</p>
<p>　　7、the chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors. <br />
　　董事长可以根据董事会过1/3董事的提议而召集临时董事会议。convene, interim 都是正式用词。</p>
<p>　　8、in case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right. <br />
　　如一方想出售或转让其投资之全部或部分，另一方有优先购买权。法律用词assign 较 transfer 正式.</p>
<p>　　9、in processing transactions, the manufacturers shall never have title either to the materials or the finished products. <br />
　　加工贸易中，厂方无论是对原料还是成品都无所有权。 法律用词title 较 ownership 正式.</p>
<p>　　10、the term &quot;effective date&quot; means the date on which this agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto. <br />
　　&ldquo;生效期&rdquo;指双方合同签字的日子。 法律用词execute 较 sign 正式.</p>
<p>　　第二部分、用词方面<br />
　　多使用&quot;here&quot;，&quot;there&quot;，&quot;where&quot;等前缀，下面这么多是不是有点头昏眼花？初学时确实容易搞混，告诉你个小窍门，here 代表 this，there 代表 that，where 代表 what/which，就容易记多了。 <br />
　　hereafter = after this time; 今后 <br />
　　hereby = by means/reason of this; 特此 <br />
　　herein = in this; 此中，于此 <br />
　　hereinafter = later in this contract; 在下文 <br />
　　thereafter = afterwards; 此后，后来 <br />
　　thereby = by that means; 因此；由此；在那方面 <br />
　　therein = from that; 在那里；在那点上 <br />
　　thereinafter = later in the same contract; 以下；在下文 <br />
　　whereby = by what; by which; 由是；凭那个 <br />
　　wherein = in what; in which; 在哪里；在哪点上 <br />
　　&hellip;&hellip; <br />
　　<br />
　　第三部分、用词方面<br />
　　多用&quot;shall&quot;代替&quot;will&quot;或&quot;should&quot;加强语气和强制力。合同中，shall并非单纯表示将来时，而常用来表示法律上可强制执行的义务，具有约束力，宜译为&ldquo;应&rdquo;、&ldquo;应该&rdquo;、&ldquo;必须&rdquo;； will无论语气还是强制力要比shall弱，宜译为&ldquo;将&rdquo;、&ldquo;原&rdquo;、&ldquo;要&rdquo;；should通常只用来表示语气较强的假设、比如&ldquo;万一&rdquo;。</p>
<p>　　1、this contract shall BECome effective upon and from the date on which it is signed. <br />
　　本合同签字生效。 <br />
　　2、this contract shall be written in english in four copies. each party shall keep two copies. <br />
　　本合同应以英文写成，一式四份，双方各持两份。 <br />
第四部分、用语方面<br />
　　一、力求严谨，明白无误： <br />
　　1、the following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as an integral part of this contract. <br />
　　下列文件应被认为、读作、解释为本合同的组成部分；</p>
<p>　　2、this contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties. <br />
　　本合同只能按照双方授权代表签名盖章的文件进行修改或增补；</p>
<p>　　3、all activities of abc co. shall be governed by the laws, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of china. <br />
　　abc公司的一切活动必须受中国的法律、法令和有关规章条例的管辖。</p>
<p>　　二、多用主动语态，少用被动语态： <br />
　　1、party b is hereby appointed by party a as its exclusive sales agent in singapore. (不宜) <br />
　　乙方被甲方委托为在新加坡的独家销售代理商；</p>
<p>　　2、party a hereby appoints party b as its exclusive sales agent in singapore. (适宜) <br />
　　甲方委托乙方为在新加坡的独家销售代理商；</p>
<p>　　三、多用现在时，少用将来时，尽管很多条款规定的是合同签订以后的事项： <br />
　　1、licensee may terminate this contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to licensor upon the happening of one of the following events: <br />
　　当有下列事件之一发生，被许可人提前90天向许可人发送书面通知后，可以终止合同：</p>
<p>　　2、licensor becomes insolvent or a liquidator of licensor is appointed; <br />
　　许可人无力偿付债务或其破产清算人以被指定；</p>
<p>　　3、the patent described in article 2 is not issued within 30 days from signing this contract; and <br />
　　第二条规定的专利未在签约后30天之内发布；</p>
<p>　　4、licensor fails to perform its obligations under this contract. <br />
　　许可人未能履行其合同义务。</p>
<p>　　四、直接表达方式用得多，间接表达方式用的较少： <br />
　　1、this article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full. （用得少） <br />
　　本条款不适用于尚未全部偿付的债券持有者。</p>
<p>　　2、this article applies only to bondholders who have been paid in full. （用得多） <br />
　　本条款只适用于已全部偿付的债券持有者。</p>
<p>　　五、尽量使用一个动词，避免使用&ldquo;动词+名词+介词&rdquo;的同意短语： <br />
　　1、party a shall make an appointment of its representative within 30 days after signing the contract. <br />
　　甲方应于签约后30天内指派其授权代表。宜用appoint代替 make an appointment of.</p>
<p>　　2、party a will give consideration to party b&rsquo;s proposal of exclusive agency. <br />
　　甲方愿意考虑乙方独家代理的建议。宜用consider代替give consideration to.</p>
<p>　　第六部分、下列特殊用语使用频繁<br />
　　一、whereas 鉴于<br />
　　正式而重要的合同，尤其是英美法系的合同，多用它在前文中引出签约背景和目的，起连词作用：</p>
<p>　　whereas the employer is desirous that manpower can be rendered available for the construction of high-rise residential complex in baghdad, iraq; <br />
　　鉴于雇主欲请劳动力建造伊拉克巴格达的高层住宅综合大楼；</p>
<p>　　whereas the contractor is desirous to provide the manpower for the works; <br />
　　鉴于承包人想为此工程提供劳动力；</p>
<p>　　二、witness 证明<br />
　　在合同前文中常用作首句的谓语动词： <br />
　　this agreement, made by ... <br />
　　witnesses <br />
　　whereas..., it is agreed as follows: <br />
　　本协议由&hellip;&hellip;签订证明：鉴于&hellip;&hellip;特此达成协议如下：</p>
<p>　　in witness whereof 作为所协议事项的证据，该短语常用于合同的结尾条款：</p>
<p>　　in witness whereof, the parties have executed this contract in duplicate by their duly authorized representatives on the date first above written. <br />
　　作为所协议事项的证据，双方授权代表于上面首次写明的日期正式签订本协议一式两份。</p>
<p>　　三、in consideration of 以&hellip;&hellip;为约因/报酬<br />
　　约因是英美法系的合同有效成立要件之一，没有则合同不能依法强制履行。但是，大陆法系的合同则无此规定。</p>
<p>　　now therefore, in consideration of the premises and the covenants herein, contained, the parties hereto agree as follows: <br />
　　兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下：</p>
<p>　　in consideration of the payment to be made by party a to party b, party b hereby covenants with party a to complete the building in conformity with the provisions of the contract. <br />
　　乙方特此立约向甲方保证按合同规定完成工程建设，以取得甲方所付的报酬。</p>
<p>　　四、now, therefore 兹特<br />
　　此短语用于whereas条款之后引出具体协议事项的常用开头语，并与其后hereby的结合。如果无hereas条款，则本短语可省略：</p>
<p>　　now, therefore, it&rsquo;s hereby agreed and understood as follows； <br />
　　兹特协议和谅解如下： <br />
　　<br />
　　now these presents witness 兹特立约为据，本句话也是用于whereas条款之后引出具体协议事项。</p>
<p>　　五、presents = the present writings 是主语，witness是谓语： <br />
　　now these presents witness that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows: <br />
兹特立约为据，并由订约双方协议如下：</p>
<p>　　六、in the presence of 见证人<br />
　　本短语只在有见证人时使用&mdash;在订约双方当事人签名的下方由见证人签名作证，一般是相关的律师（attorney）或公证处（notary public）: <br />
　　in the presence of the parties hereto have hereunder set their respective hands and seals: <br />
　　作为协议事项的证据，订约双方各自签名盖章如下：</p>
<p>　　第七部分、其他短语<br />
　　for and on behalf the first party（甲方代表）： <br />
　　the employer （雇主）&hellip; <br />
　　capacity （职位） &hellip; <br />
　　in the presence of （见证人） &hellip; <br />
　　capacity （职位）&hellip; <br />
　　address （地址）&hellip; <br />
　　for and on behalf of the second party（乙方代表）: <br />
　　the contractor （承包人） &hellip; <br />
　　capacity （职位）&hellip; <br />
　　in the presence of （见证人） &hellip; <br />
　　capacity （职位）&hellip; <br />
　　address （地址）&hellip;.<br />
本文来自学习网(<a href="http://www.gzu521.com">www.gzu521.com</a>)，原文地址：<a href="http://www.gzu521.com/campus/article/english/200608/84290_2.htm">http://www.gzu521.com/campus/article/english/200608/84290_2.htm</a></p>]]>
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<subject>翻译札记</subject>
<author>thesistrans</author>
<category>翻译札记</category>
<pubDate>Thu, 04 Nov 2010 22:47:00 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>英文合同翻译需要注意的问题</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/6393997.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>在英文合同翻译中，前提条件是弄懂合同的定义，包括合同中应有的基本要素，下面就从合同的定义着手，并提出一些在英文合同翻译中应注意的事项，笔者对英文合同作了以下论述：&nbsp; <br />
　　第一，英文合同的定义&nbsp; <br />
　　1.在英文中，合同一般称为Contract或者Agreement。&nbsp; <br />
　　1999年中国《合同法》第二条将contract定义为：A&nbsp;contract&nbsp;in&nbsp;this&nbsp;Law&nbsp;refers&nbsp;to&nbsp;an&nbsp;agreement&nbsp;establishing，&nbsp;modifying&nbsp;and&nbsp;terminating&nbsp;the&nbsp;civil&nbsp;rights&nbsp;and&nbsp;obligations&nbsp;between&nbsp;subjects&nbsp;of&nbsp;equal&nbsp;footing，&nbsp;that&nbsp;is，&nbsp;between&nbsp;natural&nbsp;persons，&nbsp;legal&nbsp;persons&nbsp;or&nbsp;other&nbsp;organizations&rdquo;。根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。&nbsp; <br />
　　Steven&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Gifts编著的&ldquo;Law&nbsp;Dictionary&rdquo;中将contract&nbsp;定义为&ldquo;Contract&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;promise，or&nbsp;a&nbsp;set&nbsp;of&nbsp;promises，for&nbsp;breach&nbsp;of&nbsp;which&nbsp;the&nbsp;law&nbsp;gives&nbsp;remedy，or&nbsp;the&nbsp;performance&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;which&nbsp;the&nbsp;law&nbsp;in&nbsp;some&nbsp;way&nbsp;recognize&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;duty.&rdquo;根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。&nbsp; <br />
　　2.&nbsp;合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。&nbsp; <br />
　　它们（要约和承诺构成的）由协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。&nbsp; <br />
　　L.B&nbsp;Curzon编著的&ldquo;A&nbsp;Diction&nbsp;of&nbsp;Law&rdquo;提到：&ldquo;Contract&nbsp;generally&nbsp;involves&rdquo;&nbsp; <br />
　　1.&nbsp;offer&nbsp;and&nbsp;absolute&nbsp;and&nbsp;unqualified&nbsp;acceptance&nbsp;(要约和绝对接受)&nbsp; <br />
　　2.&nbsp;consensus&nbsp;ad&nbsp;idem&nbsp;(意思表示一致，也叫meeting&nbsp;of&nbsp;minds)&nbsp; <br />
　　3.&nbsp;intention&nbsp;to&nbsp;create&nbsp;legal&nbsp;relations&nbsp;(建立合同关系的意愿)&nbsp; <br />
　　4.&nbsp;genuineness&nbsp;of&nbsp;consent&nbsp;(同意的真实性)&nbsp; <br />
　　5.&nbsp;contractual&nbsp;capacity&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;parties&nbsp;(合同当事人的缔约能力)&nbsp; <br />
　　6.&nbsp;legality&nbsp;of&nbsp;object(标的物的合法性)&nbsp; <br />
　　7.&nbsp;possibility&nbsp;of&nbsp;performance&nbsp;(履行的可能性)&nbsp; <br />
　　8.&nbsp;certainty&nbsp;of&nbsp;terms(条款的确定性)&nbsp; <br />
　　9.&nbsp;valuable&nbsp;consideration(等价有偿)&nbsp; <br />
　　&nbsp; <br />
　　第二，英文合同的结构特点&nbsp; <br />
　　合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文缜密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。&nbsp; <br />
　　中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头：&nbsp; <br />
　　This&nbsp;agreement/contract&nbsp;is&nbsp;made&nbsp;and&nbsp;entered&nbsp;in&nbsp;to&nbsp;this&nbsp;______day&nbsp;of______(month)，______(year)&nbsp;by&nbsp;and&nbsp;between&nbsp;Party&nbsp;A&nbsp;(hereinafter&nbsp;called&nbsp;&ldquo;&nbsp;Party&nbsp;A&nbsp;&rdquo;)and&nbsp;Party&nbsp;B(hereinafter&nbsp;called&nbsp;&ldquo;&nbsp;Party&nbsp;B&nbsp;&rdquo;)&nbsp; <br />
　　然后是开始陈述：&nbsp; <br />
　　WHEREAS...THEREFORE&nbsp; <br />
　　...&nbsp;It&nbsp;is&nbsp;hereby&nbsp;agreed&nbsp;as&nbsp;follows:&nbsp; <br />
　　或以：&nbsp; <br />
　　WITNESSETH，&nbsp;WHEREAS...&nbsp; <br />
　　NOW&nbsp;THEREFORE，&nbsp;for&nbsp;and&nbsp;in&nbsp;consideration&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;mutual&nbsp;covenants&nbsp;and&nbsp;agreements&nbsp;contained&nbsp;herein，&nbsp;the&nbsp;parties&nbsp;hereby&nbsp;covenant&nbsp;and&nbsp;agree&nbsp;as&nbsp;follows:&nbsp; <br />
　　接着是正文，最后是证明部分：&nbsp; <br />
　　IN&nbsp;WITNESS&nbsp;WHEREOF，the&nbsp;parties&nbsp;hereto&nbsp;have&nbsp;hereunto&nbsp;set&nbsp;their&nbsp;hands&nbsp;the&nbsp;day&nbsp;and&nbsp;years&nbsp;first&nbsp;above&nbsp;written.&nbsp; <br />
　　随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同里搬弄是非是找不到的。&nbsp; <br />
　　&nbsp; <br />
　　第三，英文合同翻译的用词特点(formal&nbsp;term)&nbsp; <br />
　　合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化（professional）、正式（formal）、准确（accurate）。具体体现在下列方面：&nbsp; <br />
　　1．&nbsp;may，shall，must，may&nbsp;not(或shall&nbsp;not)的使用；may，shall，&nbsp;must，may&nbsp;not&nbsp;(或shall&nbsp;not)对学过英语的人来说再熟悉不过了，但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。&nbsp; <br />
　　权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。&nbsp; <br />
　　may旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候），must用于强制性义务（必须做什么），may&nbsp;not&nbsp;(或shall&nbsp;not)用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。may&nbsp;do不能说成can&nbsp;do，shall&nbsp;do，不能说成should&nbsp;do或ought&nbsp;to&nbsp;do，&nbsp;may&nbsp;not&nbsp;do，在美国一些法律文件里可以用shall&nbsp;not，但绝不能用can&nbsp;not&nbsp;do或must&nbsp;not)，例如，在约定解决争议的途径时，可以说：&nbsp; <br />
　　The&nbsp;parties&nbsp;here&nbsp;to&nbsp;shall，&nbsp;first&nbsp;of&nbsp;all，&nbsp;settle&nbsp;any&nbsp;dispute&nbsp;arising&nbsp;from&nbsp;or&nbsp;in&nbsp;connection&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;contract&nbsp;by&nbsp;friendly&nbsp;negotiations.&nbsp; <br />
　　Should&nbsp;such&nbsp;negotiations&nbsp;fail，&nbsp;such&nbsp;dispute&nbsp;may&nbsp;be&nbsp;referred&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;People&rsquo;s&nbsp;Court&nbsp;having&nbsp;jurisdiction&nbsp;on&nbsp;such&nbsp;dispute&nbsp;for&nbsp;settlement&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;absence&nbsp;of&nbsp;any&nbsp;arbitration&nbsp;clause&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;disputed&nbsp;contract&nbsp;or&nbsp;in&nbsp;default&nbsp;of&nbsp;agreement&nbsp;reached&nbsp;after&nbsp;such&nbsp;dispute&nbsp;occurs.&nbsp; <br />
　　本句中的shall和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商，所以采用了义务性&ldquo;约定&rdquo;，如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样？前半句的shall换用may后，意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决，意思上说得过去，但后半句的may换用shall后，变成了应当诉讼解决，好像一出事，就要先见官，这就有些不友好了。&nbsp; <br />
本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成共识的，可将争议提交给有管辖权的人民法院解决。&nbsp; <br />
　　2．正式用语（formal&nbsp;term）&nbsp; <br />
　　合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有着很大不同之处。&nbsp; <br />
　　例如：&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;因为&rdquo;的短语多用&ldquo;by&nbsp;virtue&nbsp;of&nbsp;&rdquo;，远远多于&ldquo;due&nbsp;to&rdquo;，一般不用&ldquo;because&nbsp;of&nbsp;&rdquo;；&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;财务年度末&rdquo;一般用&ldquo;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;close&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;fiscal&nbsp;year&rdquo;，而不用&ldquo;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;end&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;fiscal&nbsp;year&rdquo;；&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;在&hellip;&hellip;之前&rdquo;一般用&ldquo;prior&nbsp;to&rdquo;，而不用&ldquo;before&rdquo;；&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;关于&rdquo;常用&ldquo;as&nbsp;regards&rdquo;，&ldquo;concerning&rdquo;或&ldquo;relating&nbsp;to&rdquo;，而不会用&ldquo;about&rdquo;；&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;事实上&rdquo;用&ldquo;in&nbsp;effect&rdquo;，而不用&ldquo;in&nbsp;fact&rdquo;；&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;开始&rdquo;用&ldquo;commencement&rdquo;，而不用&ldquo;start&rdquo;或&ldquo;begin&rdquo;；&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;停止做&rdquo;用&ldquo;cease&nbsp;to&nbsp;do&rdquo;，而不用&ldquo;stop&nbsp;to&nbsp;do&rdquo;；&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;何时开会并由某某主持&rdquo;的表述为：The&nbsp;meeting&nbsp;shall&nbsp;be&nbsp;convened&nbsp;and&nbsp;presided&nbsp;by&nbsp;sb.&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;其他事项&rdquo;用&ldquo;miscellaneous&rdquo;，而不用&ldquo;other&nbsp;matters/events&rdquo;；&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;理解合同&rdquo;用&ldquo;construe&nbsp;a&nbsp;contract&rdquo;或&ldquo;comprehend&nbsp;a&nbsp;contract&rdquo;，而不用&ldquo;understand&nbsp;a&nbsp;contract&rdquo;;&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;认为&rdquo;用&ldquo;deem&rdquo;，用&ldquo;consider&rdquo;少，不用&ldquo;think&rdquo;或&ldquo;believe&rdquo;；&nbsp; <br />
　　3.用词专业（technical&nbsp;terms）&nbsp; <br />
　　合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的&ldquo;瑕疵&rdquo;、&ldquo;救济&rdquo;、&ldquo;不可抗力&rdquo;、&ldquo;管辖&rdquo;、&ldquo;损毁&rdquo;、&ldquo;灭失&rdquo;等就可能让非行业人士费解，用以上英语表达分别为defect，remedy，force&nbsp;majeure&nbsp;/Act&nbsp;of&nbsp;God，jurisdiction，damage&nbsp;and/or&nbsp;loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter&nbsp;referred&nbsp;to&nbsp;as&nbsp;，such...&nbsp;as&nbsp;，whereas，&nbsp;in&nbsp;witness&nbsp;whereof，&nbsp;for&nbsp;and&nbsp;on&nbsp;behalf&nbsp;of&nbsp;，&nbsp;hereby，&nbsp;thereof&nbsp;等虚词，就其中几个细说：&nbsp; <br />
　　比如：&nbsp; <br />
　　1.&nbsp;Hereby:&nbsp;by&nbsp;means&nbsp;of;&nbsp;by&nbsp;reason&nbsp;of&nbsp;this之意，即特此，因此，兹等意。常用于法律文件、合同协议的正式文件的开头语，在条款中需要强调时也可用。举原文说明，如：The&nbsp;Employer&nbsp;hereby&nbsp;covenants&nbsp;to&nbsp;pay&nbsp;the&nbsp;Contractor&nbsp;in&nbsp;consideration&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;execution&nbsp;and&nbsp;completion&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Works&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;remedying&nbsp;of&nbsp;defects&nbsp;therein&nbsp;the&nbsp;Contract&nbsp;Price&nbsp;or&nbsp;such&nbsp;other&nbsp;sum&nbsp;as&nbsp;may&nbsp;become&nbsp;payable&nbsp;under&nbsp;the&nbsp;provisions&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Contract&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;time&nbsp;and&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;manner&nbsp;prescribed&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;Contract.&nbsp;文中：&nbsp; <br />
　　★hereby意为&nbsp;by&nbsp;reason&nbsp;of&nbsp;this，特此的意思。&nbsp; <br />
　　★&nbsp;therein意为in&nbsp;the&nbsp;Works在本工程中。&nbsp; <br />
　　★&nbsp;such...as是关系代词，相当于that，&nbsp;which，把要限定的词置于such与as之间使要限定的名词十分明确，避免合同双方在理解上发生争议。&nbsp; <br />
　　其它的还有：&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;赔偿&rdquo;用&ldquo;indemnities&rdquo;，而不用&ldquo;compensation&rdquo;&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;不动产转让&rdquo;用&ldquo;conveyance&rdquo;，而不用&ldquo;transfer&nbsp;of&nbsp;real&nbsp;estate&rdquo;&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;房屋出租&rdquo;用&ldquo;tenancy&rdquo;，而&ldquo;财产出租&rdquo;用&ldquo;lease&nbsp;of&nbsp;property&rdquo;&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;停业&rdquo;用&ldquo;wind&nbsp;up&nbsp;a&nbsp;business&rdquo;或&ldquo;cease&nbsp;(名词是cessation)&nbsp;a&nbsp;business&rdquo;，而不用&ldquo;end/stop&nbsp;a&nbsp;business&rdquo;。&nbsp; <br />
　　还款或专利申请的&ldquo;宽限期&rdquo;英文为&ldquo;grace&rdquo;，&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;当事人在破产中的和解&rdquo;用&ldquo;composition&rdquo;&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;依照合同相关规定&rdquo;一般说成&ldquo;pursuant&nbsp;to&nbsp;provisions&nbsp;contained&nbsp;herein&rdquo;或&ldquo;as&nbsp;provided&nbsp;herein&rdquo;等，不说成&ldquo;according&nbsp;to&nbsp;relevant&nbsp;terms&nbsp;and&nbsp;conditions&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;contract&rdquo;。&nbsp; <br />
　　&ldquo;合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同&rdquo;英文表述为&ldquo;Neither&nbsp;party&nbsp;hereto&nbsp;may&nbsp;assign&nbsp;this&nbsp;contract&rdquo;，其中&ldquo;hereto&rdquo;表示&ldquo;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;contract&rdquo;，选用&ldquo;Neither&nbsp;party&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;contract&rdquo;较少。</p>
<p>4．同义词、近义词、相关词的序列&nbsp; <br />
　　FOR&nbsp;value&nbsp;RECEIVED，the&nbsp;undersigned&nbsp;does&nbsp;hereby&nbsp;sell，&nbsp;transfer，&nbsp;assign&nbsp;and&nbsp;set&nbsp;over&nbsp;to&nbsp;_____all&nbsp;his&nbsp;right，&nbsp;tile&nbsp;and&nbsp;interest&nbsp;in&nbsp;and&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;certain&nbsp;contract&nbsp;dated_____，&nbsp;19&nbsp;_____by&nbsp;and&nbsp;between&nbsp;the&nbsp;undersigned&nbsp;and&nbsp;_____，a&nbsp;copy&nbsp;of&nbsp;which&nbsp;is&nbsp;annexed&nbsp;hereto.&nbsp; <br />
　　在这里的同义词和近义词并列（如sell，&nbsp;transfer，&nbsp;assign&nbsp;and&nbsp;set&nbsp;over，right和&nbsp;tile&nbsp;and&nbsp;interest），在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如：&nbsp; <br />
　　This&nbsp;agreement&nbsp;is&nbsp;made&nbsp;and&nbsp;entered&nbsp;into&nbsp;by&nbsp;and&nbsp;between&nbsp;Party&nbsp;A&nbsp;and&nbsp;Party&nbsp;B.句中&ldquo;made&nbsp;and&nbsp;entered&nbsp;into&rdquo;和&ldquo;by&nbsp;and&nbsp;between&rdquo;两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。&nbsp; <br />
　　For&nbsp;and&nbsp;in&nbsp;consideration&nbsp;of&nbsp;mutual&nbsp;covenants&nbsp;and&nbsp;agreements&nbsp;contained&nbsp;herein，&nbsp;the&nbsp;parties&nbsp;hereby&nbsp;covenant&nbsp;and&nbsp;agree&nbsp;as&nbsp;follows:&nbsp;句中&ldquo;for&nbsp;and&nbsp;in&nbsp;consideration&nbsp;of&nbsp;&rdquo;，&nbsp;&ldquo;covenants&nbsp;and&nbsp;agreements&rdquo;三组同义司和近义词并列。&nbsp; <br />
　　The&nbsp;parties&nbsp;have&nbsp;agreed&nbsp;to&nbsp;vary&nbsp;the&nbsp;Management&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;terms&nbsp;and&nbsp;subject&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;conditions&nbsp;contained&nbsp;herein.&nbsp;这里的&ldquo;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;terms&rdquo;和&ldquo;subject&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;conditions&rdquo;是一个意思，都表示&ldquo;依照本协议的条款规定&rdquo;。合同条款的固定模式是&ldquo;terms&nbsp;and&nbsp;conditions&rdquo;&nbsp; <br />
　再例如：&ldquo;Party&nbsp;A&nbsp;wishes&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;released&nbsp;and&nbsp;discharged&nbsp;from&nbsp;agreement&nbsp;as&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;effective&nbsp;date&rdquo;，一句中的&ldquo;release&rdquo;和&ldquo;discharge&rdquo;的意思几乎相同。&nbsp; <br />
　　并列的词还有：&nbsp; <br />
　　ships&nbsp;and&nbsp;vessels&nbsp; <br />
　　support&nbsp;and&nbsp;maintenance&nbsp; <br />
　　licenses&nbsp;and&nbsp;permits&nbsp; <br />
　　charges，&nbsp;fees，&nbsp;costs&nbsp;and&nbsp;expenses&nbsp; <br />
　　any&nbsp;and&nbsp;all&nbsp; <br />
　　any&nbsp;duties，&nbsp;obligations&nbsp;or&nbsp;liabilities&nbsp; <br />
　　the&nbsp;partners，&nbsp;their&nbsp;heirs，&nbsp;successors&nbsp;and&nbsp;assigns&nbsp; <br />
　　&nbsp; <br />
　　第四，英文合同翻译中的注意事项&nbsp; <br />
　　实践证明，英文合同中容易出现差错的地方，一般来说不是大的陈述性条款，而恰恰是一些关键的细目。比如：金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错，在英译合同时，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。&nbsp; <br />
　　A.&nbsp;限定责任&nbsp;众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。&nbsp; <br />
　　1.1&nbsp;and/or常用&nbsp;and/or&nbsp;英译合同中&ldquo;甲和乙+甲或乙&rdquo;的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。&nbsp; <br />
　　例1：如果上述货物对船舶和（或）船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。&nbsp; <br />
　　The&nbsp;shipper&nbsp;shall&nbsp;be&nbsp;liable&nbsp;for&nbsp;all&nbsp;damage&nbsp;caused&nbsp;by&nbsp;such&nbsp;goods&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;ship&nbsp;and/or&nbsp;cargo&nbsp;on&nbsp;board.&nbsp; <br />
　　1.2&nbsp;by&nbsp;and&nbsp;between&nbsp; <br />
　　常用by&nbsp;and&nbsp;between强调合同是由&ldquo;双方&rdquo;签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同的责任。例2：买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。&nbsp; <br />
　　This&nbsp;Contract&nbsp;is&nbsp;made&nbsp;by&nbsp;and&nbsp;between&nbsp;the&nbsp;Buyer&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;Seller，whereby&nbsp;the&nbsp;Buyer&nbsp;agrees&nbsp;to&nbsp;buy&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;Seller&nbsp;agrees&nbsp;to&nbsp;sell&nbsp;the&nbsp;undermentioned&nbsp;commodity&nbsp;subject&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;terms&nbsp;and&nbsp;conditions&nbsp;stipulated&nbsp;below.&nbsp; <br />
　　B.&nbsp;限定时间英译与时间有关的文字，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时，常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。&nbsp; <br />
　　2.1&nbsp;双介词&nbsp;用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。&nbsp; <br />
　　例3:自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。&nbsp; <br />
　　Party&nbsp;A&nbsp;shall&nbsp;be&nbsp;unauthorized&nbsp;to&nbsp;accept&nbsp;any&nbsp;orders&nbsp;or&nbsp;to&nbsp;collect&nbsp;any&nbsp;account&nbsp;on&nbsp;and&nbsp;after&nbsp;September&nbsp;20.&nbsp; <br />
　　例4：我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。&nbsp; <br />
　　Our&nbsp;terms&nbsp;are&nbsp;cash&nbsp;within&nbsp;three&nbsp;months，&nbsp;i.e.&nbsp;on&nbsp;or&nbsp;before&nbsp;May&nbsp;1.3.2.2&nbsp;not&nbsp;(no)&nbsp;later&nbsp;than用&ldquo;not&nbsp;(no)&nbsp;later&nbsp;than&nbsp;+日期&rdquo;英译&ldquo;不迟于某月某日&rdquo;。&nbsp; <br />
　　例5：本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。&nbsp; <br />
　　Party&nbsp;B&nbsp;shall&nbsp;ship&nbsp;the&nbsp;goods&nbsp;within&nbsp;one&nbsp;month&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;date&nbsp;of&nbsp;signing&nbsp;this&nbsp;Contract，&nbsp;i.e.&nbsp;not&nbsp;later&nbsp;than&nbsp;December&nbsp;15.&nbsp; <br />
　　2.2&nbsp;include的相应形式&nbsp; <br />
　　常用include的相应形式：inclusive、including和included来限定含当日在内的时间。&nbsp; <br />
　　例6：本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。&nbsp; <br />
　　This&nbsp;credit&nbsp;expires&nbsp;till&nbsp;January&nbsp;1(inclusive)&nbsp;for&nbsp;negotiation&nbsp;in&nbsp;Beijing.&nbsp;(or&nbsp;This&nbsp;credit&nbsp;expires&nbsp;till&nbsp;and&nbsp;including&nbsp;January&nbsp;1&nbsp;for&nbsp;negotiation&nbsp;in&nbsp;Beijing.)&nbsp;如果不包括1月1日在内，英译为till&nbsp;and&nbsp;not&nbsp;including&nbsp;January&nbsp;1。&nbsp; <br />
　　3.1&nbsp;大写文字重复金额英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也必须加上大写。在大写文字前加上&ldquo;SAY&rdquo;，意为&ldquo;大写&rdquo;；在最后加上&ldquo;ONLY&rdquo;意思为&ldquo;整&rdquo;。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。例7：聘方须每月付给受聘方美元500元整。&nbsp; <br />
　　Party&nbsp;A&nbsp;shall&nbsp;pay&nbsp;Party&nbsp;B&nbsp;a&nbsp;monthly&nbsp;salary&nbsp;of&nbsp;US&nbsp;$&nbsp;500&nbsp;(SAY&nbsp;FIVE&nbsp;HUNDRED&nbsp;US&nbsp;DOLLARS&nbsp;ONLY).&nbsp; <br />
　　3.2.&nbsp;正确使用货币符号&nbsp; <br />
　　英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。&ldquo;$&rdquo;既可代表&ldquo;美元&rdquo;，又可代表其他某些地方的货币；而&ldquo;￡&rdquo;不仅代表&ldquo;英镑&rdquo;，又可代表其他某些地方的货币。必须注意：当金额用数字书写时，金额数字必须紧靠货币符号，例如：Can&nbsp;$891，568，不能写成：Can&nbsp;$&nbsp;891，568。另外，翻译时还要特别注意金额中是小数点(.)还是分节号(，)，因为这两个符号极易引起笔误，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪设想的。&nbsp; <br />
　　综上所述，本文从英文合同的定义、结构特点、以及从英文合同翻译的用词特点、注意事项等四个方面着手，使我们对合同自身的特点有了一定的了解，包括其构成的基本要素，在翻译过程中容易疏忽之处；从而为更好地做好英文合同翻译打下基础，并使我们在合同翻译中能够得心应手。</p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/6393997.html</guid>
<subject>翻译札记</subject>
<author>thesistrans</author>
<category>翻译札记</category>
<pubDate>Thu, 04 Nov 2010 21:54:15 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>pdf2all</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/6154966.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<div class="articalTitle">
<h5><font face="黑体" color="#074387" size="4">word转pdf软件</font><font color="#2032fe">&nbsp;<wbr></wbr>&nbsp;<wbr></wbr>使用pdf2all来将word转换成pdf，pdf2all这个软件网上很好找，但是使用pdf2all需要两个软件的支持，一个是GhostScript8.61，另一个是Generic Colour Postscript。前一个软件比较好找，但是后一个软件网上不是很好找，给出下载地址：</font></h5>
</div>
<div class="articalContent" id="sina_keyword_ad_area2">
<div><font color="#2032fe">（1）GhostScript 8.61 下载地址：</font><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px"><a href="http://129.206.95.12/public/temp/old/csa/db2/sql/gs861w32.exe" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; font-family: 宋体; text-decoration: none"><font color="#2032fe">http://129.206.95.12/public/temp/old/csa/db2/sql/gs861w32.exe</font></a></span></div>
<div><font size="3"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px"><font color="#2032fe">（2）</font><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px"><font color="#2032fe">Generic Colour Postscript 下载地址&nbsp;<wbr></wbr></font><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px"><a href="http://129.206.95.12/public/temp/old/csa/db2/sql/AdobeUniversPostScriptDriver.exe" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; font-family: 宋体; text-decoration: none"><font color="#2032fe">http://129.206.95.12/public/temp/old/csa/db2/sql/AdobeUniversPostScriptDr<wbr></wbr>iver.exe&nbsp;<wbr></wbr></font></a></span></span></span></font></div>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/6154966.html</guid>
<subject>外贸</subject>
<author>thesistrans</author>
<category>外贸</category>
<pubDate>Tue, 12 Oct 2010 11:22:37 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title></title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/4313760.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/4313760.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>thesistrans</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Sun, 03 Jan 2010 21:04:36 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>业务员找不到客户的原因</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/4253554.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<div class="arttext" id="textboxContent">
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">1、手中拥有的潜在客户数量不多。 </p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 客户就是给推销员下订单的人，推销员手中拥有的客户数量越多，做生意的基础就会越稳固。优秀推销员之所以能源源不断地售出产品，原因就在于他们拥有足够多的客户数量。 研究表明，业绩不佳的推销员手中拥有客户数量少的原因，在于他们常犯有以下三个错误中的一个或几个：</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （1）不知道到哪里去开以潜在客户；</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （2）没有识别出谁是潜在客户；</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （3）懒得开发潜在客户。 </p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 由于开发潜在客户是一项费时劳力的工作，因此一些推销员不愿意去开发潜在顾客，只满足于和现有顾客打交道，这是一种自杀的做法。因为现在顾客常以各种各样的原因离你而 去，如客户转产、倒闭或人事变动，他们每年以15%--25%的速度递减。这样，推销员如果不能不断开发新客户来补充失去的客户，那么4--7年后，推销员手中的客户数量就会变成零。</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 潜在客户少的推销员常犯的另一项错误是，无法对潜在顾客做出冷静的判断。他们往往变为&ldquo;只有自己最清楚自己的顾客&rdquo;。如一位老推销员告诉新推销员：&ldquo;&times;&times;公司是竞争厂 商的最佳顾客，去了也没用。&rdquo;&ldquo;&times;&times;公司的董事长非常顽固。&rdquo; </p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 但是那位推销员抱着姑且试一试的心情，前去拜访的结果是拿到了订单。这种由推销员个人的偏见所造成的失败例子很多。</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp; </p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">2、抱怨、借口又特别多。</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 业绩不佳的推销员，常常抱怨，借口又特别多，他们常常把失败的原因归结到客观方面，如条件、对方、他人等，从未从主观方面检讨过自己对失败应承担的责任。他们常常提到 的抱怨、借口如：&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &ldquo;这是我们公司的政策不对。&rdquo;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &ldquo;我们公司的产品、质量、交易条件不如竞争对手。&rdquo;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &ldquo;&times;&times;厂家的价格比我们的低。&rdquo;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 推销员为自己的失败寻找借口，是无济于事的，与其寻找借口，倒不如做些建设性的考虑，如：&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &ldquo;这样做可能打动顾客。&rdquo;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &ldquo;还有什么更好的方法？&rdquo; </p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 这些推销员面对失败时，情绪低沉，态度消极，脑子中充满失败的观念。事实上当人们面临真正的困难时，通常是连话都说不出来的；如果还能够找些借口为自己辩解的话，这表 示还没有完全发挥出自己的能力。推销员对自己该做的事没有做好，或者，无法砍自己应该怎么做，而随口说些不满的话，这只不过显示出自己的幼稚无能罢了。真正优秀的推销员绝 对不会抱怨、找借口、因为自尊心绝对不会允许他们如此做。</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">3、依赖心十分强烈。 </p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 业绩不佳的推销员，总是对公司提出各种各样的要求，如要求提高底薪、差旅费、加班费等，而且经常拿别家公司作比较，&ldquo;&times;&times;公司底薪有多高&rdquo;、&ldquo;&times;&times;公司福利有多好&rdquo;。 有这种倾向的人，是没有资格成为一名优秀推销员的。推销员不能向任何人要求保障，必须完全靠自己。没有指示就不会做事，没有上级的监督就想法人情，这种人是绝对无法成为优 秀推销员的。真正优秀的推销员经常问自己：&ldquo;自己能够为公司做些什么&rdquo;，而不是一味地 要求公司为自己做些什么。 </p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4、对推销工作没有自豪感。</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 优秀推销员对自己的工作都感到非常的骄傲，他们把推销工作当作一项事业来奋斗。缺乏自信的推销员，如何能取得良好业绩？想要向顾客推销出更多的产品，推销员至少必须要 有一份自傲--你能够告诉顾客他所不知道的事情。 </p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp; 5、不遵守诺言。 </p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 一些推销员虽然能说善道，但业绩却不佳，他们有一个共同的缺点，就是&ldquo;不遵守诺言 &rdquo;。昨天答应顾客的事，今天就忘记了。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 推销员最重要的是讲究信用，而获得顾客信任的最有力的武器便是遵守诺言。 </p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 6、容易与顾客产生问题。</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 无法遵守诺言的推销员，与顾客之间当然容易发生总是一些推销员急于与顾客成交，结果，自己无法做到事情，也答应下来，这是一种欺骗顾客的行为。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 优秀推销员与顾客之间也会发生问题。但是，他们却能够迅速地给予顾客满意的解决方法，这样反而获得顾客的信赖。记住，当与顾客谈生意的时候，最重要的是让对方感觉出自 己的诚意。</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7、半途而废。</p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 业绩不佳的推销员的毛病是容易气馁。推销是一场马拉松赛跑，仅凭一时的冲动，是无法成功的。闷高放弃成功的信念，并坚持不懈地追求下去，才能达到目的。 </p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">8、对顾客关心不够。 </p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 2em">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 推销成功的关键在于推销员能否抓住顾客心，如果不善于察言观色的话，生意一定无法成交。推销员既要了解顾客的微妙的心理，也要关于选择恰当的时机采取行动。这就需要对 顾客的情况了如指掌，那些不关心顾客的推销员，是无法把握和创造机会的</p>
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</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/4253554.html</guid>
<subject>外贸</subject>
<author>thesistrans</author>
<category>外贸</category>
<pubDate>Wed, 23 Dec 2009 12:48:56 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>过瘾：何亚非怒斥美国代表</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/4227781.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<div align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">姚克明</span></div>
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">美国和欧洲国家一样，为了自己的利益，什么花招都敢耍，什么话都敢说，什么缺德的事也都敢干！这不，近日在哥本哈根，美国气象代表斯特恩，又上演了拙劣的一幕。</span></div>
<div style="BACKGROUND: #f8faf8; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">大家知道，资金问题是哥本哈根气候大会，最关键的议题之一，针对欧盟决定在</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">年内向发展中国家提供合共</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">72</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">亿欧元（合</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">100</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">亿美元）的气候援助资金，中国方面，严重质疑欧盟出资和减排的诚意。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">77</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">国集团</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">+</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">中国阵营主席、苏丹驻联合国大使卢孟巴也愤怒地说，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">&ldquo;我坦率地告诉你们，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">100</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">亿美元不够发展中国家的人们买棺材用。&rdquo;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black">&ldquo;你们告诉我，世界银行什么时候真正帮助过发展中国家，你们说一个国家出来。&rdquo;</span></div>
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">会议之初，中国副外长何亚非强调指出，哥本哈根会议要获得成功，第一，必须反映世界各国应对气候变化的共同意愿；第二，发达国家要按照&ldquo;共同但有区别的责任&rdquo;原则，承担中期大幅减排指标，履行公约和议定书的义务</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">并兑现对发展中国家的资金、技术转让和能力建设承诺。第三，必须确保发展中国家消除贫困、发展经济的优先需要，无论会议取得何种成果，都不能以牺牲发展中国家的发展权益为代价。</span></div>
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">而美国首席谈判代表斯特恩，却站在欧洲一边，故意攻击中国，挑起纷争。他枉顾事实，企图洗刷美国在温室气体排放上的历史责任，说什么美国在排放温室气体上没有亏欠世界。并说美国愿意提供援助，绝不是出于&ldquo;内疚、罪责或者补偿&rdquo;。还别有用心地说，也不会向中国提供减排援助。还挑拨性地称，中国没有资格获得美方资金支持。气焰十分嚣张！</span></div>
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">何亚非拍案而起，对斯特恩的言论，针锋相对，给予迎头痛击。他义正言辞地说：&ldquo;我个人感到惊讶，当听到美方谈判代表评论应否给中国提供资金时。数分钟前我强调说，发达国家需要向发展中国家提供资金，但这不代表中国要钱。我们是代表发展中国家而说的，<strong>我不想说这位先生无知，他受过良好教育。但我认为对中国提供资金的言论是缺乏常识的，若非缺乏常识，就是极不负责任。</strong></span></div>
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">何亚非还寓意深长地将发达国家比喻为，到豪华餐厅用餐的有钱人。大吃一顿后，穷朋友到来只吃甜品，却要他平分全餐费用。<strong>发达国家提供援助是其道德义务，而非慈善捐赠</strong>。何亚非又敦促斯特恩翻阅美国总统奥巴马上月访华时，中美领袖在气候变化问题发表的联合声明。</span></div>
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">美国代表斯特恩，顿时傻了眼，给自己竖个梯子往下溜，说：&ldquo;我认为有关的评论有点令人遗憾，但<strong>请容我说我认识何亚非，对他非常尊敬。他是一位很聪明和高效率的中国官员</strong>，美国全面支持向发展中国家提供经济援助，我的观点仍然是援助应该给予最有需要的国家。&rdquo;瞧瞧，斯特恩这德性，这嘴脸。</span></div>
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">如今，欧美等发达国家，不愿掏钱为过去一二百年污染大气买单，不愿出钱援助发展中国家，为应对气候变化尽一番义务，已成为阻碍哥本哈根气候大会取得成功的主要障碍。代表发展中国家的</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">77</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">国集团已表示，如果富裕国家在谈判中不正确对待《京都议定书》，</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">77</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">国集团不排除集体退出谈判的可能性。</span></div>
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">现斗争正在激烈地进行着，何去何从仍在两可之间。我们希望哥本哈根大会能够达成协议取得成功，但也不惧怕失败。即使这次会议流产了，还会有别的会议代替它。因为这是事关人类生存的大问题，非解决不可。否则，只能是同归于尽，一起完蛋。我想，前景不会如此暗淡。关键是要学会、要善于和西方那帮视财如命的老爷作斗争。</span></div>
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">常言道：&ldquo;人不犯我我不犯人，人若犯我我必犯人。&rdquo;这次斯特恩犯我，我们的何亚非犯了他一下，效果不是很好吗。对这种不讲理的人，就是不能一味迁就，更不能示弱或存有幻想。就是要像何亚飞那样，作针锋相对的斗争，使他理亏词穷，原形毕露。这样，他们也许能老实一点、规矩一点。之后，也许能妥协下来，达成某种协议。</span></div>
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">但不论结果如何，何亚非这回是扬眉吐气了，是网民们期盼已久的了！我们在对美关系上，有时是该给他们点颜色瞧瞧！否则，他们颐指气使，不知天高地厚。所以，当年吴仪副总理在谈判中，指着鼻子回骂美国人是强盗，就很有气魄、很过瘾、很得人心！所以，今天何亚飞怒斥美国谈判代表，我们说过瘾也就不难理解了。</span></div>
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 258pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">2009-12-15&nbsp;15</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">：</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">41</span></div>
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 258pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></div>
<div style="TEXT-INDENT: 258pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">
<div class="imagetop"><img src="http://en.cop15.dk/files/images/1col_492px/he_yafei_20091211-163201-6_web.jpg" alt="" /><!----></div>
<!--__title_override__Chinese official: Stern “irresponsible”__-->
<h1><!--title:begin-->Chinese official: Stern &ldquo;irresponsible&rdquo;<!--title:end--></h1>
<h2>China and the US continue their barbed exchange. The Chinese Vice Foreign Minister He Yafei (photo above) says that the US chief negotiator either lacks common sense or is &ldquo;extremely irresponsible&rdquo;.</h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>unusually blunt language, China&rsquo;s Vice Foreign Minister He Yafei said on Friday that he was &quot;shocked&quot; by US climate envoy Todd Stern's comments earlier this week that China shouldn't expect any American public climate aid money, and that the US was not in any debt to the world for its historically high&nbsp;carbon emissions. <br /><br />&quot;I don't want to say the gentleman is ignorant,&quot; He Yafei told reporters at the UN climate conference in Copenhagen. &quot;I think he lacks common sense where he made such a comment vis-a-vis funds for China. Either lack of common sense or extremely irresponsible.&quot; <br /><br />The world's two biggest greenhouse polluters have been exchanging barbs this week about the sincerity of their pledges to fight climate change. <br /><br />China is grouped together with the developing nations in the climate talks. But Stern said that when it comes to financing to help poor countries deal with climate change, the US doesn't consider China one of the neediest countries. <br /><br />&quot;I don't envision public funds &mdash; certainly not from the United States &mdash; going to China,&quot; he said on Wednesday. &quot;China to its great credit has a dynamic economy, and sits on some two trillion dollars in reserves. So we don't think China would be the first candidate for public funding.&quot; <br /><br />The Chinese official said that China wasn't asking for money, rather that the US and China had different responsibilities in dealing with global warming. (Photo: Scanpix/AFP)</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="name">He Hai</p>
<p><em>12/12/2009 02:59</em><span id="Comment2721_4">Although China has some two trillion dollars in reserves, but there are also a lot of people in China living in poverty, they just had given up their rights of living better to support the country voluntarily. <br />Every develping counties have the need and right to develope their economies and create better living standard for their people. <br />China has promised to deal with the Climate Change problem, but it needs cooperations with all the countries around the world, first of all, not for money, but for trust and equality.</span> </p>
<p class="name">LIU XINYU</p>
<p><em>12/12/2009 03:20</em><span id="Comment2723_4">Honestly speaking, not only US and China should bear the resposibility for the GW, but all off us should try to find a better way to solve the problem, just quarreling is not the way to solve problem, US and other EU countries are the developed country through imdustrilisation under the emmision of CO2, so because the situation is strict now, so developed countries should show their sincerity to take more resposibility to the developing countries, such as technical transfer、 green funding,ect. It is our own living earth, without it, none of us will alive, and any advanced weapons\reasures\families will disappear like the onshowing movies by US &lt;&lt;2012&gt;&gt;, so think serious about &quot;global warming, CO2&quot; do it now everybody, you are the one!</span></p>
</span></div>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/4227781.html</guid>
<subject>外贸</subject>
<author>thesistrans</author>
<category>外贸</category>
<pubDate>Thu, 17 Dec 2009 20:07:33 CST </pubDate>
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<item>
<title> a new record</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/4076115.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[一天做了2万2千字的汉译英译稿，新纪录，谨此纪念。累垮。。。脸色灰暗。。。皱纹增多。。。]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/4076115.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>thesistrans</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 09:46:03 CST </pubDate>
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<item>
<title>Upset the applecart</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/4042135.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[Upset the applecart常被用来表示&ldquo;计划、安排被某人打乱&rdquo;。据记载，Upset the applecart源于古罗马，当时人们常用upset the cart （字面意：弄翻手推车）来比喻&ldquo;某人扰乱某一计划的顺利实施&rdquo;。到了19世纪末，也许是人们为了使这个说法更加形象生动，便在&ldquo;cart&rdquo;前加了&ldquo;apple&rdquo;。试想一下，如果你推了满满一车苹果去集市上卖，不巧在路上被一笨手笨脚的家伙给撞了，苹果撒了一地是小事，关键是掉在地上的苹果没了之前的色泽，想卖个好价钱是难了。<br />[/color]<br />[color=teal]ex:Don't let Barry know about our plans for the ski trip or he'll upset the applecart.<br />别让巴里知道我们要去滑雪，要不他会坏事的。[/color][/size]]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/4042135.html</guid>
<subject>Translation Glossary</subject>
<author>thesistrans</author>
<category>Translation Glossary</category>
<pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 10:22:35 CST </pubDate>
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<item>
<title>U.S.-CHINA JOINT COMMISSION ON COMMERCE AND TRADE </title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/4008282.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p><font size="4"><strong>FACT SHEET: U.S.-CHINA JOINT COMMISSION ON COMMERCE AND TRADE <wbr></wbr><br /><br /><wbr></wbr>　　October 29, 2009 </strong><wbr></wbr><br /><wbr></wbr></font><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">U.S. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke and U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk, together with Chinese Vice Premier Wang Qishan, co-chaired the 20th JCCT in Hangzhou, China, on October 28-29, 2009. U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack also participated. Other participants included U.S. Ambassador to China Jon Huntsman, U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA) Acting Director Leocadia Zak, and representatives from the Treasury and State Departments. <br />A full range of Ministers from China attended, including Commerce Minister Chen Deming, Agriculture Minister Sun Zhengcai, National Energy Bureau Director Zhang Guobao, National Tourism Administration Chairman Shao Qiwei, and General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) Administrator Wang Yong. Vice Ministers from the following Chinese agencies also were represented: Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT), Ministry of Health (MOH), Civil Aviation Administration (CAAC), the Ministry of Transportation (MOT), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), and the State Council Legislative Affairs Office (SCLAO). <br />Outlined below are outcomes of the topics discussed. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Agriculture <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">China announced its intent to reopen the Chinese market to U.S. pork products and live swine. <br />The United States awaits China&rsquo;s official announcement to ensure that the measure is consistent with science-based, international standards. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><em><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Two-way trade of agricultural, fish, and forest products between the United States and <br />China has grown in recent years to over $21 billion per year. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Clean Energy <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">China agreed to remove local content requirements on wind turbines. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><em><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">China's renewable energy market is expected to reach $100 billion by 2020, and wind <br />energy is the fastest growing component. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Distribution Services <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">The United States welcomes news that China is in the process of concluding its licensing procedures for certain qualified direct selling services companies. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Government Procurement </font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">China will require that products produced in China by foreign invested enterprises (FIEs) are treated as domestic products and will issue rules in this regard. &amp;#61623; The United States and China will establish a multi-agency working group to regularly conduct discussions on issues involving government procurement and purchases by state-affiliated enterprises and organizations and private parties that make purchases in accordance with national strategic objectives. &amp;#61623; China committed to submit a revised offer as early as possible in 2010 to accede to the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (GPA). <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Information Security <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">China confirmed in working group discussions that the April 29, 2009, announcement by AQSIQ, MOF and CNCA, that China&rsquo;s Compulsory Certification (CCC) testing and certification rules for 13 categories of information security products apply only to products procured by Chinese government agencies. <br />&amp;#61623; China agreed to establish a dialogue with the United States regarding global practices for trade in information security products. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) </font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">China gave assurances that it will impose maximum administrative penalties on Internet infringers and has begun a four-month campaign to clamp down on Internet piracy. &amp;#61623; China announced its public notice, published yesterday, conveying to state-run libraries the importance of strengthening protection of copyright-protected academic and medical journals. &amp;#61623; China agreed that it will work closely with the United States to resolve U.S. concerns about a new Ministry of Culture circular relating to online music distribution that is creating serious problems for the U.S. music industry. &amp;#61623; The Intellectual Property Working Group identified next steps on key issues, including: China&rsquo;s further promotion of software legalization of enterprises and exchanges of information on measures for promoting software legalization; China&rsquo;s establishment of a Broadcast Tariff Rate as soon as possible; and opportunities for interested rights holders and government experts to provide feedback on China&rsquo;s new Patent Law amendments and new implementing regulations. </font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><em><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">These outcomes will bring significant benefit to U.S. rights holders, given the importance of intellectual property rights to the U.S. economy and the dynamic growth of the Internet in economies around the globe. The copyright industry estimates losses in 2008 due to piracy reached approximately $7 billion, of which over $500 million in revenues were lost to Internet music piracy. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Medical Devices <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">China committed that product recall regulations will not be duplicative or redundant and the Ministry of Health and the State Food and Drug Administration will be the relevant authorities for medical device recalls. <br />&amp;#61623; China will adopt a risk-based approach that will not automatically lead to clinical trials for medical devices in a given class, and consider the use of results from a clinical trial conducted outside of China to support a local clinical trial exemption. <br />&amp;#61623; China will accept a prior approval document of a medical device issued by a foreign country regardless of its exporting origin, country of manufacture or legal manufacture to satisfy any prior approval registration requirement. <br />&amp;#61623; China will consider an exemption of requiring product samples to be tested in Chinese test labs prior to approval if the manufacturer demonstrates compliance with international standards and provides sound scientific evidence. <br />&amp;#61623; China will strive to implement regulations, rules, and notices that are consistent with guidance documents for medical devices issued by the Global Harmonization Task Force and the Asia Harmonization Working Party. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><em><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">According to industry, China&rsquo;s prior approval requirement could have impacted over $350 million in U.S. products. The clinical trials outcome will save U.S. companies hundreds of millions of dollars. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Pharmaceuticals <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">China will continue to strengthen its oversight and enforcement of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and counterfeit pharmaceuticals by undertaking initiatives such as the establishment of a Drug Master File system, enforcement of record-keeping requirements for companies that manufacture and sell APIs, and regulation of unregistered Chinese companies advertising and marketing APIs at foreign trade shows and on the Internet. <br />&amp;#61623; China identified SFDA as its single point of contact for the Interagency Coordination Conference for Fighting the Production and Sales of Counterfeit Drugs. &amp;#61623; China agrees to share information with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on the activities of the Interagency Coordination Conference. &amp;#61623; China and the United States agree to continue the dialogue on pharmaceutical data protection. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><em><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">The U.S. pharmaceutical industry loses billions of dollars of annual revenues due to counterfeit medicines. The average reported value of counterfeit medicines seized in 2008 was over $5 million. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Travel and Tourism <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">The United States and China agreed to implement Phase II of the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that opened the market for the sale of packaged leisure travel from China to the United States to include an additional 12 jurisdictions, bringing the total to <br />21. <br />&amp;#61623; The United States and China have agreed to hold a high-level meeting of the JCCT Tourism Working Group in January 2010 to sign a program of work that will enhance travel under the MOU. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><em><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">The United States anticipates that inbound travel from China will increase by 15 percent <br />in 2010. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="4"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="4">Cooperative Activities <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Agriculture</font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">: The U.S. Department of Agriculture and China&rsquo;s Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) announced a Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Agriculture, which renews the Joint Committee on Cooperation in Agriculture (JCCA) and provides additional opportunities for MOA and USDA to engage on cooperative agricultural issues. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><em><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">In 2008, the United States exported over $13 billion in agricultural products to China, of which the majority were derived from biotechnology. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Anti-Monopoly Law</font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">: The United States and China committed to continuing the Anti-Monopoly Law dialogue under the U.S. Trade and Development Agency. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Dietary Supplements</font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">: The United States and China agreed to hold a government-to-government exchange of information on dietary supplement regulation by March 31, 2010. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Energy Cooperation Program</font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">: The United States and China supported the launch of the Energy Cooperation Program (ECP), a public-private partnership focused on commercialization of clean energy solutions. This effort reflects an ongoing partnership among the Departments of Commerce and Energy, TDA, and U.S. industry with respective Chinese counterparts. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Environmental Cooperation</font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">: The United States and China agreed to hold the second U.S.China Environmental Industries Forum in October, 2010, and a second U.S.-China E-Scrap Recycling Summit in May, 2010. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><em><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">China&rsquo;s rapidly growing environmental market is currently estimated at over $25 billion. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Global Distribution Services Forum</font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">: The United States and China agreed to hold a forum addressing the expansion of travel distribution services in China, including computer reservation system technology. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Green Building Standards</font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">: The United States and China agreed to hold a Green Building Standards Seminar by March 2010. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Healthcare</font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">: TDA funded two grants in Sichuan province to assist in the development of provincial healthcare IT strategy and emergency response capabilities to enable quality healthcare to reach rural communities. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Industries and Competitiveness Dialogue: </font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">The United States and China launched a new Vice Minister-level dialogue focused on innovation and industrial policy. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Intellectual Property Rights: <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><em><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Intermediary Liability on the Internet: </font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">China and the United States will jointly hold a <br />program with public and private participants to discuss the issue of intermediary legal <br />liability on the Internet. <br />&amp;#61623; </font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><em><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Trademark Filing: </font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">China and the United States will exchange information about handling <br />bad faith trademark registration practices through holding seminars or forming a task <br />force under the JCCT IPR Working Group <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Legal Exchange</font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">: China and the United States agreed to hold the U.S.-China Legal Exchange next year. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Standards and Conformity Assessment</font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">: China and the United States will convene a public-private meeting by February 2010 on standards and conformity assessment procedures. In addition, TDA intends to fund additional workshops on priority standards issues over the next three years. <br /></font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><strong><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">Transparency</font><wbr></wbr></font><wbr></wbr><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3"><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" face="Times" size="3">: The United States and China agreed to continue cooperation on transparency and administrative rulemaking and formulated a 2009-2010 work plan to enhance transparency and predictability for market participants. </font></font></strong><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr></em><wbr></wbr></em><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr>&amp;#61623; </strong><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr></em><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr></em><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr></em><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr>&amp;#61623; </em><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr>&amp;#61623; </em><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr>&amp;#61623; </em><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr>&amp;#61623; </strong><wbr></wbr>&amp;#61623; </strong><wbr></wbr>&amp;#61623; </strong><wbr></wbr></em><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr></em><wbr></wbr></strong><wbr></wbr></p>
<p><font size="3"><font size="4">如果我们仔细阅读美丶中双方在此次会议中达成的所有协议，不难看到，在双方争执的许多具体问题上，中国政府作出的实质性的让步多得多；而美国方面则更多地是表示要对一些有争议的问题进行进一步加以&ldquo;考虑&rdquo;，换言之，美方做出的口头承诺多余实质性让步。 <br /><br /></font><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" color="#ff0000" size="3">中国方面做出的主要让步包括︰同意恢复从美国进口猪肉制品和生猪；中国解除对美国风动涡轮机进口的限制；中国同意在政府采购中对美国在华投资企业视同国内企业；中国给美国的几家直销（即传销）公司颁发营业执照，中国在医药制品上将采取更加开放的政策，对在中国市场的医药制品检验将接受美国及其他国家的实验检测结果作为免检的依据，中国将进一步采取措施加强对知识产权的保护，打击网络音乐、电影制品与软件盗版，打击图书馆不遵守美国学术期刊版权的行为；等等。</font><wbr></wbr><font size="4"> <br /><br /></font><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" color="#330000" size="3">而美国方面所做出的承诺则主要包括︰美国方面对是否同意给与中国&ldquo;市场经济地位&rdquo;的问题进行认真考虑，尤其是将对中国在市场化方面的进步&ldquo;加以考虑&rdquo;；为了促进中国和美国之间在人员往来和旅游方面的发展，美国方面承诺将对其对中国公民访美签证的严格措施加以改进（这其实不是对中国的所谓&ldquo;让步&rdquo;，因为美国萎靡的经济希望更多中国游客前往美国旅游消费。果然，美国商贸部的网站也是把这列为其成果之一的），等等。</font><wbr></wbr><font size="4"> <br /><br /></font><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" color="#330000" size="3">一个非常有意思的细节是中丶美双方对此次会谈结果的不同处理。为期一天的会议刚刚闭幕，美国商务部的网站立即公布了此次谈判所达成的协议。在本稿发稿之前，笔者分别查看了中国商务部的网站和中国官方新闻社发布的新闻通稿。中国商务部网站没有关于双方协议的任何细节，而新华社的通稿除了提到双方达成有关协议之外，对协议的内容则是语焉不详。</font><wbr></wbr><font size="4"> <br /><br /></font><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em" color="#330000" size="3">不难理解，中丶美两国政府在公布协议内容上作法的差异，绝不仅仅是由于两国政府的行事风格不同，而主要原因则是，中国方面在此次谈判中作出了巨大的、实质性的让步，以迎接奥巴马的来访。这些让步当然使得美国乐于向其国民公布政府的谈判成果；而中国政府可能不得不考虑如何在向中国普通民众公布自己所做出的让步的同时不至于引起民众舆论的反弹。</font></font></p>
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<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/4008282.html</guid>
<subject>《职业生涯规划》</subject>
<author>thesistrans</author>
<category>《职业生涯规划》</category>
<pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 20:21:22 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>At 60th anniversary parade, China heralds ‘new era’ with old-school show </title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/3844816.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<h1>At 60th anniversary parade, China heralds &lsquo;new era&rsquo; with old-school show </h1>
<p><strong>China flaunted modern weaponry and touted &lsquo;progress and development&rsquo; Thursday as goose-stepping soldiers marched by and students waved cards spelling out well-worn party slogans: &lsquo;Listen to the Party&rsquo;s Orders,&rsquo; &lsquo;Socialism is Good.&rsquo;</strong></p>
<h3><span class="name"><em><font size="2">By Peter Ford</font></em></span> | <span class="name"><em><font size="2">Staff writer</font></em></span> <span class="time-date"><font size="2">10.01.09</font></span></h3>
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<h4><a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/photosoftheday/index.php?image=1&amp;date=specials/60_china/"><font color="#205b87">Photo Gallery: Happy birthday to the People's Republic of China</font></a></h4>
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<p>If there was one message the Chinese authorities wanted to send with Thursday&rsquo;s military march-past and pageant in Tiananmen Square, it was one of change.</p>
<p>Certainly the modern weaponry, the floats celebrating China&rsquo;s achievements, and President Hu Jintao&rsquo;s speech about a &ldquo;new era of progress and development&rdquo; projected that image.</p>
<p>But the grandiose event also reflected what has not changed in China.</p>
<p>This was a thoroughly traditional affair. Phalanxes of goose-stepping soldiers stamped past the reviewing stand on Tiananmen gate in perfect unison. Tanks and missiles and amphibious fighting vehicles lumbered by in their wake, displaying China&rsquo;s newest military hardware.</p>
<p>In the civilian parade, as an array of young couples danced by, the TV commentator dug deep into the saccharine lexicon of an earlier era to praise &ldquo;the young people full of passion and energy &hellip; pursuing their ideals as the country advances.&rdquo;</p>
<p>From floats symbolizing industrial might, specially selected &ldquo;model workers&rdquo; waved. In the square itself, thousands of students held colored squares above their heads to spell out constantly changing slogans that would have been familiar to audiences 50 years ago: &ldquo;Listen to the Party&rsquo;s Orders,&rdquo; &ldquo;Socialism is Good,&rdquo; &ldquo;Love the People.&rdquo;<span id="more-979"></span></p>
<p>A military band, meanwhile, bashed out old musical favorites such as &ldquo;There is No New China Without the Chinese Communist Party.&rdquo;</p>
<p>The tired old slogans were a far cry from the bold and still rather heretical exhortations that appeared in the 1984 parade, as free-market reforms began to take hold. &ldquo;Time is Money,&rdquo; declared one float that year. &ldquo;Efficiency is life.&rdquo;</p>
<p>Thursday&rsquo;s show all seemed a bit retro to foreign eyes. And, oddly, one of the Communist Party&rsquo;s alleged achievements was shielded from foreign ears.</p>
<p>When the &ldquo;Democracy&rdquo; float came by &ndash; a model of the Great Hall of the People, where China&rsquo;s parliament meets &ndash; the English-language commentary on China Central TV&rsquo;s English channel went dead. Instead, viewers heard the Chinese commentator intone platitudes in Mandarin about how &ldquo;our socialist democracy is thriving,&rdquo; and how &ldquo;the rule of law is being effectively carried out.&rdquo;</p>
<p>Could it be that even the normally self-congratulatory television bosses thought that would be too much for an international audience to swallow?</p>
<p>===</p>
<p>What was life like under 60 years of Chinese Communist Party rule? Read <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/1001/p06s01-woap.html"><font color="#205b87">here</font></a> about four generations of women who have survived &ndash; and even prospered &ndash; in the People&rsquo;s Republ</p>]]>
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<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/3844816.html</guid>
<subject>最新动态</subject>
<author>thesistrans</author>
<category>最新动态</category>
<pubDate>Sat, 10 Oct 2009 11:14:59 CST </pubDate>
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