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<title><![CDATA[上海兆邦防雷、电力工程师博客(BOKEE)]]></title>
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<modified>2008-01-03T15-56-41 CST</modified>
<tagline type="text/html" mode="escaped"><![CDATA[ 我公司新研制和开发的防雷新产品有FEG-12/5穿刺式防雷支柱绝缘子，CFH-70/240穿刺式防弧线夹，CFHJ-70/240穿刺式防弧线夹，FDL-50/240穿刺式防弧验电接地环]]></tagline>
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<entry>
<title>防雷产品的技术原理及发展</title>
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<issued>2008-08-26T16-32-15 CST</issued> 
<created>2008-08-26T16-32-15 CST</created>
<modified>2008-08-28T00-05-04Z</modified>
<id>tag:zhaobang.blogchina.com,2005://2086649</id>
<author>
<name>zhaobang</name>
<url>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_index/zhaobang.html</url>
</author>
<dc:subject>防雷产品</dc:subject>
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<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2" align="center"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: #bb0000; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">防雷产品的技术原理及发展<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">简介：</span></strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">在国民经济的许多重要领域（邮电、广电、金融、电力、公路等）防雷已经是热门话题，这是因为<span lang="EN-US">IT</span>技术的普及导致了保护<span lang="EN-US">IT</span>设备的防雷产品需求的高速增长。有需求就有供给正是市场经济的魅力所在，因此防雷产品市场兴旺发达，各种新品层出不穷，防雷技术也有了很大的发展。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">&middot;<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><font size="3"><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">关键字：</span></strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">防雷<span lang="EN-US">,</span>接闪器<span lang="EN-US">,</span>低压电源避雷器<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">在国民经济的许多重要领域（邮电、广电、金融、电力、公路等）防雷已经是热门话题，这是因为<span lang="EN-US">IT</span>技术的普及导致了保护<span lang="EN-US">IT<a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=yhscd" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">设备</span></span></a></span>的防雷产品需求的高速增长。有需求就有供给正是市场经济的魅力所在，因此防雷产品市场兴旺发达，各种新品层出不穷，防雷技术也有了很大的发展。但从事<span lang="EN-US">IT</span>行业的技术人员对强电不是很熟悉，加上过去防雷是很冷僻的学科，系统介绍防雷技术及防雷产品的资料很少，这就给用户经济合理地选择防雷产品带来了困惑。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">一<span lang="EN-US">.</span>防雷产品的变迁</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　当人们知道雷是一种电现象后，对雷电的崇拜和恐惧就逐渐消失，并开始以科学的眼光来从新观察这一神奇的自然现象，希望能利用或控制雷电活动以造福人类。<span lang="EN-US">200</span>多年前富兰克林率先在技术上向雷电发起了挑战，他发明的避雷针可能要算是最早的防雷产品，今天这一品名几乎已被所有的人知道。其实，富兰克林在发明避雷针时是以为金属避雷针的尖端放电作用可以综合雷云中的电荷，使雷云和大地间的电场降低到无法击穿空气的水平，从而避免了雷击的发生，所以当时的避雷针一定要求是尖的。但后来的研究表明：避雷针是无法避免雷击的发生的，它之所以能防止雷击是因为高高耸立的避雷针改变了大气电场，使得一定范围的雷云总是向避雷针放电，也就是说避雷针只是比它周围的其它物体更容易接闪雷电，避雷针被雷击中而其它物体受到保护，这就是避雷针的防雷原理。进一步的研究表明避雷针的接闪作用几乎只与其高度有关，而与其外形无关，就是说避雷针不一定是尖的。现在防雷技术领域统称这一类防雷装置为接闪器。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　电的普遍使用促进了防雷产品的发展，当高压输电网为千家万户提供动力和照明时，雷电也大量危害高压输变电设备。高压线架设高、距离长、穿越地形复杂，容易被雷击中。避雷针的保护范围不足以保护上千公里的输电线，因此避雷线作为保护高压线的新型接闪器就应运而生。在高压线获得保护后，与高压线连接的发、<u><span style="COLOR: blue">配电</span></u>设备仍然被过电压损坏，人们发现这是由于<span lang="EN-US">&ldquo;</span>感应雷<span lang="EN-US">&rdquo;</span>在作怪。（感应雷是因为直击雷放电而感应到附近的金属导体中的，感应雷可通过两种不同的感应方式侵入导体，一是静电感应：当雷云中的电荷积聚时，附近的导体也会感应上相反的电荷，当雷击放电时，雷云中的电荷迅速释放，而导体中原来被雷云电场束缚住的静电也会沿导体流动寻找释放通道，就会在电路中形成电脉冲。二是电磁感应：在雷云放电时，迅速变化的雷电流在其周围产生强大的瞬变电磁场，在其附近的导体中产生很高的感生电动势。研究表明：静电感应方式引起的浪涌数倍于电磁感应引起的浪涌。）雷电在高压线上感应起电涌，并沿导线传播到与之相连的发、配电设备，当这些设备的耐压较低时就会被感应雷损坏，为抑制导线中的电涌，人们发明了线路避雷器。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　早期的线路避雷器是开放的空气间隙。空气的击穿电压很高，约<span lang="EN-US">500kV/m</span>，而当其被高电压击穿后就只有几十伏的低压了。利用空气的这一特性人们<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://job.tgnet.cn/Sub06.aspx" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">设计</span></span></a></span>出了早期的线路避雷器，将一根导线的一端连在输电线上，另一根导线的一端接地，两根导线的另一端相隔一定距离构成空气间隙的两个电极，间隙距离确定了避雷器的击穿电压，击穿电压应略高于输电线的工作电压，这样当电路正常工作时，空气间隙相当于开路，不会影响线路的正常工作。当过电压侵入时，空气间隙被击穿，过电压被箝位到很低的水平，过电流也通过空气间隙泄放入地，实现了避雷器对线路的保护。开放间隙有太多的缺点，如击穿电压受环境影响大；空气放电会氧化电极；空气电弧形成后，需经过多个交流周期才能熄弧，这就可能造成避雷器故障或线路故障。以后研制出的气体放电管、管式避雷器、磁吹避雷器在很大程度上克服了这些毛病，但他们仍然是建立在气体放电的原理上。气体放电型避雷器的固有缺点：冲击击穿电压高；放电时延较长（<span lang="EN-US">&mu;s</span>级）；残压波形陡峭（<span lang="EN-US">dV/dt</span>较大）。这些缺点决定了气体放电型避雷器对敏感<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=peidian" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">电气</span></span></a></span>设备的保护能力不强。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　半导体技术的发展为我们提供了防雷新材料，比如稳压管，其伏<span lang="EN-US">&mdash;</span>安特性是符合线路防雷要求的，只是其通过雷电流的能力弱，使得普通的稳压管不能直接用作避雷器。早期的半导体避雷器是以碳化硅材料做成的阀式避雷器，它具有与稳压管相似的伏<span lang="EN-US">&mdash;</span>安特性，但通过雷电流的能力很强。不过很快人们又发现了金属氧化物半导体变阻器（<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>），其伏<span lang="EN-US">&mdash;</span>安特性更好，并具有响应时间快、通流容量大等许多优点。因此，目前普遍采用<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>线路避雷器。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　随着通信的发展，又产生了许多用于通信线路的避雷器，由于受通信线路传输参数的约束，这一类避雷器要考虑电容和电感等影响传输参数的指标。但其防雷原理与<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>基本一致。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">二<span lang="EN-US">.</span>现代防雷产品介绍</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">现代防雷产品种类繁多，大致可分为四大类：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">　　</span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">1.</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">接闪器</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　避雷针是最早的接闪器，也是目前世界上公认的最成熟的防直击雷装置。避雷带、避雷网、避雷线是避雷针的变形，其接闪原理是一致的。对避雷针的接闪原理的认识是有一个发展过程的，现在的滚球法理论比较全面地解释了接闪器吸引雷电的各种现象，被国内外标准所采纳。滚球法理论认为：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）接闪器的保护范围如图所示：半径为<span lang="EN-US">R</span>的球与接闪器和地面相切绕接闪器滚动一周所形成的阴影区域即为接闪器的保护范围。<span lang="EN-US">R</span>根据不同的防雷类别分别选为<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="30" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">30</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>、<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="45" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">45</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>、<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="60" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">60</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）在保护范围内并不是没有雷击，只是雷击能量较小，滚球半径<span lang="EN-US">R</span>越小，进入保护范围的雷击能量也越小，也就是说接闪器的防雷效果越好。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">3</span>）接闪器并非越高越好，超过<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="60" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">60</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>的接闪器在技术上是没有多大意义的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　理论上任何良好接地的金属物体都可以作为接闪器，因此随着经济的发展，人们对接闪器的外形提出了要求，希望能与漂亮的现代<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=Effect_chart" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">建筑</span></span></a></span>协调，出现了一些形状各异，五彩缤纷的接闪器，但其防雷原理并没有改变。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　由于传统接闪器并没有消除雷击，而只是将雷电流引向自身，这样会带来地电位升高、侧击、雷电流电磁干扰等问题，虽然能采用其它技术手段解决，但人们总希望有一劳永逸的解决方法。近年来出现了一些新产品，声称在进一步控制雷电方面取得了成果。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）消雷器<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　消雷器是国内近年来有非常大影响的防雷产品。它是希望改变接闪器的材料和形状来产生电流综合雷云中的电荷，让雷云在消雷器的保护范围内无法建立起接闪所需的场强，以达到消雷的目的。由于消雷器所声称的效果完全满足了人们所希望的防雷效果，因此一段时间内消雷器风靡国内市场。后来国内许多专家提出异议，认为消雷器的原理在技术上无法实现，并在理论上和实践上提出了大量例证，市售消雷器并不能真正消雷。由于两派观点都有国内知名防雷专家支持，所以消雷器在国内防雷学术界引起极大的争论，遗憾的是最后这些争论发展到超出了学术范畴，认为是专家的道德问题，有的居然提到了伪科学问题。结果谁也没被说服，争论最后以行政命令禁用消雷器而告终。在消雷器的繁荣时期，许多厂家也提供与消雷器相似原理的接闪器，名目繁多，有导体消雷器、半导体消雷器、大幅度降低接闪电流的特殊避雷针等。在各部发文禁用消雷器后，这些产品也销声匿迹，或改头换面。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）特殊避雷针<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　还有一些避雷针承认自己接闪雷电，但其保护范围特别大，而且不会因为加装了避雷针而增大雷击概率。这一类产品在市场上的份额不大，没多少人去深究其技术原理的可行性。但在标准中规定任何接闪器都只能按滚球法校核保护范围。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">3)</span>引下线<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　一些厂家不在接闪器上作文章，却在引下线上采取措施，他们认为接闪器接闪时大量的雷电流通过引下线入地，会在周围的导体中产生感应雷，因此推出有屏蔽作用的引下线。必须指出：感应雷主要是由雷云的静电感应引起的，只屏蔽引下线作用并不大，而是要加强所有导线的屏蔽效果，才能削弱感应雷。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　其实，在国标《建筑物防雷<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://job.tgnet.cn/Sub06.aspx" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">设计</span></span></a></span>规范》（<span lang="EN-US">GB50057&mdash;94</span>）中，对金属引下线的规定就已采取了降低引下线电磁干扰的措施，如多根引下线的分流作用，均匀对称的布置在建筑物四周可相互抵消内部电磁场，利用建筑物的钢筋框架这个很好的屏蔽笼（法拉第笼）接闪引下雷电流等。因此，普通金属引下线的方法在技术经济上都是可行的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">　　</span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">2.</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">低压电源避雷器</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　原邮电部的分析统计表明：通信站<span lang="EN-US">80%</span>的雷击事故是由雷电波侵入电源线造成。因此，低压交流避雷器发展非常迅速，而以<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>材料为主的避雷器在市场上占有统治地位。<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>避雷器的生产厂家众多，其产品的差别主要表现在：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）通流容量<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　通流容量是避雷器所能耐受的最大雷电流（<span lang="EN-US">8&times;20`&mu;s</span>）。信息产业部标准《通信工程电源系统防雷技术规定》（<span lang="EN-US">YD5078</span>－<span lang="EN-US">98</span>）对电源避雷器的通流容量做出了规定，首级避雷器大于<span lang="EN-US">20</span>千安。不过目前市场上避雷器通流容量有越做越大的趋势，通流容量大避雷器不容易被雷击损坏，耐受小雷电流冲击的次数增加，残压也略有降低，采取冗余并联技术的避雷器还提高了保护能力的可靠性。但是避雷器的损坏并不都是由于雷击造成。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　目前，有人提出检测避雷器应采用<span lang="EN-US">10&times;350&mu;s</span>电流波，其理由是<span lang="EN-US">IEC1024</span>和<span lang="EN-US">IEC1312</span>等标准在描述雷电波时采用了<span lang="EN-US">10&times;350&mu;s</span>波。这种说法是不全面的，因为在<span lang="EN-US">IEC1312</span>中对避雷器进行匹配计算时仍然采用<span lang="EN-US">8&times;20&mu;s</span>电流波，在<span lang="EN-US">IEC1643</span>《低压<u><span style="COLOR: blue">配电</span></u>系统保护<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=yhscd" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">设备</span></span></a></span>（<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>）<span lang="EN-US">&mdash;&mdash;</span>选用原理》中也采用<span lang="EN-US">8&times;20&mu;s</span>波来作为检测避雷器（<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>）的主要电流波形。因此，不能说用<span lang="EN-US">8&times;20&mu;s</span>波检测避雷器的通流容量是过时的，也不能说用<span lang="EN-US">8&times;20&mu;s</span>波检测避雷器的通流容量就不符合国际标准。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">）保护电路<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>避雷器的失效有短路和开路两种形式，强大的雷电流可能将避雷器击坏，形成开路故障，这时避雷器模块的外形往往会被破坏。避雷器也可能因时间长材料老化而动作电压下降，当动作电压下降到低于线路工作电压的水平时，避雷器通过交流电流增加，避雷器发热，最终会破坏<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>器件的非线性特性，导致避雷器部分短路烧毁。电源线路故障造成的工作电压升高也可能产生类似情况。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　避雷器的开路故障不影响电源供电，要检查动作电压才能发现，因此避雷器需定期检查。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　避雷器的短路故障影响电源供电，发热严重时会烧毁导线，需要保护报警电路来确保供电安全，过去主要是在避雷器模块上串联保险丝，但保险丝既要保证雷电流通过又要在短路电流出现时熔断，在技术上实现起来较困难，特别是避雷器模块多是部分短路，短路时流过的电流并不大，但持续电流足以使主要用于泄放脉冲电流的避雷器严重发热。后来出现的温度断开装置较好地解决了这个问题，通过设定装置的断开温度来检测避雷器的部分短路，一旦避雷器发热装置自动断开，并给出光、电、声地报警信号。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">3</span>）残压<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　信息产业部标准《通信工程电源系统防雷技术规定》（<span lang="EN-US">YD5078</span>－<span lang="EN-US">98</span>）对各级避雷器的残压做出了具体要求，应该说标准要求的指标是很容易达到的，<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>避雷器的残压是其动作电压的<span lang="EN-US">2.5&mdash;3.5</span>倍。直接并联的单级避雷器其残压差别并不大，降低残压的措施是降低动作电压和增大避雷器通流容量，但动作电压太低由于电源不稳造成的避雷器损坏就会增加。国外一些产品在进入中国市场初期，动作电压都很低，后来都大大提高了动作电压。可以通过两级避雷器来降低残压，如图所示：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　雷电波入侵时避雷器<span lang="EN-US">1</span>放电，产生的残压为<span lang="EN-US">V1</span>；流过避雷器<span lang="EN-US">1</span>的电流为<span lang="EN-US">I1</span>；避雷器<span lang="EN-US">2</span>放电的残压为<span lang="EN-US">V2</span>，流过的电流为<span lang="EN-US">I2</span>。这样就有：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">V2=V1-I2Z<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　显然避雷器<span lang="EN-US">2</span>的残压低于避雷器<span lang="EN-US">1</span>的残压。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　有厂家提供两级防雷的避雷器，用于单相电源防雷，因单相供电的功率一般在<span lang="EN-US">5KW</span>以下，线路电流不大，阻抗电感容易绕制。也有厂家提供三相的两级避雷器，因三相电源的功率可能很大，因此这中避雷器的体积大、价格高。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　在标准中要求在电源线上多级加装避雷器，其实也能实现降低残压的效果，只不过是利用了导线的自感做各级避雷器间的隔离阻抗电感。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　避雷器的残压只是避雷器的技术指标，真正加在<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=yhscd" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">设备</span></span></a></span>上的过电压还要在残压的基础上加上避雷器与电源线、地线连接的两段导线电感产生的附加电压，因此正确的安装避雷器也是降低设备过电压的重要措施。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">4</span>）其它功能<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　避雷器还可以根据用户需要提供雷击计数器、<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=jiankong" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">监控</span></span></a></span>接口和不同的安装方式。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">　　</span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">3.</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">通信线路避雷器</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　通信线路避雷器的技术要求较高，因为除了满足防雷技术要求外，还须保证传输指标符合要求。加上与通信线路相连的设备耐压很低，对防雷器件的残压要求严格，因此在选择防雷器件时较困难，目前常用的防雷器件的相关性能如下表所示：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><a title="1.jpg.jpg.jpg" href="http://info.tgnet.cn/Info/Images/2007/09/01/1602756043_676545.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><font size="3"><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:connecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" title="1.jpg.jpg.jpg" style="WIDTH: 216.75pt; HEIGHT: 74.25pt" o:button="t" alt="1.jpg.jpg.jpg" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:href="http://info.tgnet.cn/Info/Images/2007/09/01/1602756043_676545.jpg" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\王春华\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape></font></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　理想的通信线路防雷器件应是电容小、残压低、通流大、响应快。显然表中的器件都不理想，放电管几乎可以用于所有的通信频率，但其防雷能力较弱；<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>电容较大，只适用于音频传输，<span lang="EN-US">TVS</span>耐雷电流的能力较弱只能起辅助保护作用。不同的防雷器件在电流波的冲击下其残压波形也不同，如图所示。根据残压波形的特点，可将避雷器分为开关型和限压型，也可以将两种复合在一起，扬长避短。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　解决的方法是采用不同器件组合成两级避雷器，其原理图与电源的两级避雷器同。只是第一级用放电管，中间隔离阻抗用电阻或<span lang="EN-US">PTC</span>，第二级用<span lang="EN-US">TVS</span>，这样可以发挥各器件之所长。这种避雷器大约可到几十<span lang="EN-US">MHZ</span>的频率。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　更高频率的避雷器就主要是采用放电管了，如移动和寻呼的天馈线避雷器，否则很难满足传输要求。也有产品采用高通滤波器的原理，因雷电波的能量频谱集中在几千赫兹到几百千赫兹之间，相对于天线的频率很低，滤波器容易制作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">最简单的电路是在高频芯线上并联一个小磁芯电感，就可以构成高通滤波的避雷器。对于点频通信天线也可采用四分之一波长的短路线构成带通滤波器，防雷效果更好，但这两种方法都会将天馈线上传送的直流短路，其应用范围有限。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">　　</span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">4.</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">接地装置</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　接地是防雷的基础，标准规定的接地方法是采用金属型材铺设水平或垂直地极，在腐蚀强烈的地区可以采用镀锌和加大金属型材的截面积的方法抗腐，也可以采用非金属导体做地极，如石墨地极和硅酸盐水泥地极。更合理的方法是利用现代<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=Effect_chart" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">建筑</span></span></a></span>的基础钢筋做地极，有事半功倍之效。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　由于过去对防雷认识的局限性，片面强调降低接地电阻的重要性，导致一些厂家推出各种接地产品，声称能降低地电阻。如降阻剂、高分子地极、非金属地极等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　其实就防雷的角度讲，对接地电阻的认识已有变化，对地网的布置形式的要求较高，对阻值要求放松，在<span lang="EN-US">GB50057--94</span>中只强调了各种建筑的地网形式，而没有阻值要求，这是由于在等电位原理的防雷理论中，地网只是一个总的电位基准点，并不是绝对的零电位点。要求地网形状是为了等电位的需要，而要求阻值就不符合逻辑了，当然在条件许可时，获得低的接地电阻总没有什么错。另外供电和通信对接地电阻有要求，那已超出防雷技术的范围。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　接地电阻主要受土壤电阻率和地极与土壤接触电阻有关，在构成地网时与形状和地极数量也有关系，降阻剂和各种接地极无非是改善地极与土壤的接触电阻或接触面积。但土壤电阻率起决定作用，其它的都较易改变，如果土壤电阻率太高就只有工程浩大的换土或改良土壤的方法才能有效，其它方法都难以凑效。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　防雷是一个老话题，但仍在不断发展中，应该说现在尚无万试万灵的产品。防雷技术还有许多待探索的东西，目前雷云起电的机理还不清楚，雷电感应的定量研究也很薄弱，因此防雷产品也在发展中，一些防雷产品所声称的新效果，需以科学的态度在实践中检验，在理论上发展完善。由于雷电本身是小概率事件，需要大量长期的统计分析才能得到有益的结果，这需要各方的通力合作才能实现。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>]]>
</content>
</entry>

<entry>
<title>和谐社会、和谐家园、和谐国家</title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346513.html"/>
<issued>2008-01-11T17-13-37 CST</issued> 
<created>2008-01-11T17-13-37 CST</created>
<modified>2008-08-26T15-15-35Z</modified>
<id>tag:zhaobang.blogchina.com,2005://1346513</id>
<author>
<name>zhaobang</name>
<url>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_index/zhaobang.html</url>
</author>
<dc:subject>防雷产品</dc:subject>
<content type="text/html" mode="escaped" xml:lang="zh_CN" xml:base="http://www.bokee.net"> 
<![CDATA[<span class="Title">
<p>儿子已经一岁了，希望能够在以后的成长道路上茁壮成长。希望老婆生意越做越好，家庭幸福了。最新希望能为中国电力系统架空绝缘导线防雷做出一些贡献！ </p>
</span>]]>
</content>
</entry>

<entry>
<title>防雷接地安全基础知识解答</title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346425.html"/>
<issued>2008-01-11T16-53-19 CST</issued> 
<created>2008-01-11T16-53-19 CST</created>
<modified>2008-08-26T15-15-35Z</modified>
<id>tag:zhaobang.blogchina.com,2005://1346425</id>
<author>
<name>zhaobang</name>
<url>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_index/zhaobang.html</url>
</author>
<dc:subject>防雷产品</dc:subject>
<content type="text/html" mode="escaped" xml:lang="zh_CN" xml:base="http://www.bokee.net"> 
<![CDATA[<p style="BACKGROUND: #fcfefe; LINE-HEIGHT: 22.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">1</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">、雷电过电压有两种基本形式：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">一是：直接雷电<span lang="EN-US">&mdash;&mdash;</span>又称直击雷</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><font face="宋体">二是：雷电感应<span lang="EN-US">&mdash;&mdash;</span>又称感应雷</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">2</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、接闪器的作用：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体">接闪器是用来接受直击雷电的金属体，它必须经过接地引下线与接地装置相连。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">3</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、避雷针的功用：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>避雷针的作用实际上是起引雷的作用，它是用来防护直击雷的。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">4</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、避雷器的使用类型及功用：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>一般常用的避雷器有阀式、排气式（管型）、氧化锌等。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><font face="宋体">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><font face="宋体">避雷器是用来防护雷电过电压沿线路侵入变配电室或其它建筑物内以免危及被保护物的绝缘。现在在配电室外经常使用的是氧化锌避雷器，室内经常使用的一般是阀式避雷器。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">5</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、工厂变配电室常用的防雷措施：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>防护直击雷采用避雷针（或避雷线、避雷带、避雷网）防护雷电波侵入的方法是避雷器。</font><span lang="EN-US"><font face="宋体"> <br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">6</strong></font></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、安全电流的概念：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>安全电流指的是人体触电后最大的摆脱电流。我国规定的安全电流为<span lang="EN-US">30</span>毫安（<span lang="EN-US">50HZ</span>）。安全电流与触电时间、电流性质、电流路径及体重和健康状况等因素有关。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p style="BACKGROUND: #fcfefe; LINE-HEIGHT: 22.5pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">7</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">、安全电压概念：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">&nbsp; </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">安区电压是指不致使人直接致死或致残的电压。我国规定的安全特低电压是<span lang="EN-US">36</span>伏。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">8</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、地的概念：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp; </span>电气上的地（或大地）是指电位为零的地方；这个地一般指离接地故障点大约<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">20</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>以外的地方。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">9</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、接触电压、跨步电压：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>接触电压是指人接触发生接地故障的设备外露可导电部分所呈现的对地电压；跨步电压指的是人在接地故障点附近行走时，两脚之间所呈现的电位差。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">10</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、工作接地、保护接地的概念：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>为保证电力系统和设备达到正常工作的要求而进行的接地叫工作接地。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><font face="宋体">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><font face="宋体">为保障人身安全防止间接触电而进行的接地叫保护接地。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><font face="宋体">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><font face="宋体">例如：变压器中性点接地、接闪器和避雷器的接地是工作接地。互感器二次侧端子接地、设备外壳接地为保护接地。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">11</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、目前我国采用的几种保护接地的方式：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>有<span lang="EN-US">TN</span>系统<span lang="EN-US">;TT</span>系统；<span lang="EN-US">IT</span>系统；</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><font face="宋体">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><font face="宋体">其中在<span lang="EN-US">TN</span>系统中又分为：<span lang="EN-US">TN-C</span>、<span lang="EN-US">TN-S</span>、<span lang="EN-US">TN-C-S</span>等三种保护接地方式。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">12</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、等电位联接：等电位联接可分为总等电位联接、辅助等电位联接。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>此种做法的目的就是将人可能接触到的可导电的金属物体与<span lang="EN-US">PE</span>线直接相连。国际上和我国都规定，电源线进户处应实施总等电位联接，即将电源线进户处附近所有的金属构件、管道均与<span lang="EN-US">PE</span>线联接。在特别潮湿、触电危险的场所（如浴室）还必须进行辅助等电位联接，即将该场所内所有的金属构件、管道再与<span lang="EN-US">PE</span>线相互连接。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><font face="宋体">13</font></span><font face="宋体">、在发现有人触电时首先做的第一项工作是想办法让触电人迅速脱离电源，再进行其它方式的急救<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>]]>
</content>
</entry>

<entry>
<title>防雷知识系列（六）－内部防雷系统</title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346419.html"/>
<issued>2008-01-11T16-52-19 CST</issued> 
<created>2008-01-11T16-52-19 CST</created>
<modified>2008-08-26T15-15-35Z</modified>
<id>tag:zhaobang.blogchina.com,2005://1346419</id>
<author>
<name>zhaobang</name>
<url>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_index/zhaobang.html</url>
</author>
<dc:subject>防雷产品</dc:subject>
<content type="text/html" mode="escaped" xml:lang="zh_CN" xml:base="http://www.bokee.net"> 
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">内部防雷系统</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">构筑和作用于建筑物内部的防雷工程称内部防雷工程。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">内部防雷工程主要有屏蔽、防雷器和等电位连接三部分组成。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">建筑物内部防雷工程涉及面较宽，面对的是包括感应雷、球雷、传导雷或因线路上浪涌高电压所造成电网波动在内的众多损害，归纳起来危害最大的主要方面是高电压引入。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">高电压引入是指雷电高电压通过金属线引导到其他地方和室内造成破坏的雷害现象。高电压引入的电源有三种：其一是直击雷直接击中金属导线，让高压雷电以波的形式沿着导线两边传播而引入室内；第二种是来自感应雷的高电压脉冲，即由于雷雨云对大地放电；或雷雨云之间迅速放电形成的静电感应和电磁感应，感生出几</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">KV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到几十</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">KV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">至数百</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">KV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的地电位反击，这种反击会沿着电力系统的零线，保护接地线和各种形式的接地线，以波的形式传入室内或传播到更大的室内范围，造成大面积的危害。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷击电子设备的途径和损坏机理</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷击电子设备的途径，雷击电子设备的途径可分为三种情况：</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>(</font></font></span></strong><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电直接击中电子设备网络物理</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">落雷点为电源高电压侧</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电沿供电线路侵入到电子设备系统供电部分</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">产生过电流与过电压造成网络供电系统的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">UPS</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电源损坏、断电、致使整个系统瘫痪。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电直击网络无线通信的天线，沿天馈进入网络系统，造成通信接口、接收系统、室内单元、路由器等网络主要通信设备损坏。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷击网络通信有线线路（如光缆、</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">DDN</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、帧中继、Ｘ</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">.25</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">专线、电话线）产生强大的机械力，猛烈的冲击波，炽热的高温使通信线路</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">损坏；过电压过电流沿通信有线线路侵入到网络系统内，造成路由器、交换机及前端设备的损坏。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>(</font></font></span></strong><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">感应过电压</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">１．回路感应过电压</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由于网络系统在建筑物内大量布设各种导体线路（如电源线、数据通信线、天馈线），这些线路网络结构布局错综复杂，在建筑物内部的不同空间位置上构成许多回路，当建筑物遭雷击或邻近地区雷电放电时，将在建筑物内部空间产生脉冲暂态磁场，这种快速变化的磁场交链这些回路后，将在回路中感应出暂态过电压，危及与这回路相接的电子设备。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">２．线路感应过电压</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是网络通信线路上感应过电压，分静电感应与电磁感应</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">１）静电感应主要是指架空线路设于雷击点附近，由雷云团先导通道中充满电荷，对架空线产生静电感应作用累积大量相反电荷，当雷云主放电开始，雷云中电荷速中和，从而使架空线上原先被束缚的电荷被速释放，形成暂态过电压波。这种波以接近光速向架空线两测传播，侵入导线路端接的网络设备将其损坏。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">２）当雷电直接击在避雷针、避雷带上时，由于雷电流幅值大，波头陡度高，在雷电流的通道附近形成一个很强的感应电磁场。这强大的感应电磁场将直接感应在电源</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线或网络通信设备上，形成感应过电压侵入到网络系统中，损坏网络设备。高强度（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">30KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电流）雷电放电可以对距离雷击点</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="km" sourcevalue="1" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1KM</font></span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">范围内网络系统产生电磁感应作用，造成系统设备损坏。据统计，这种感应雷击占计算机雷击事故的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">70%</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">３．耦合与转移过电压</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷击引起暂态高电压或过电压常常可以通过网络线路耦合或转移到网络设备上，造成设备的损坏。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>(</font></font></span></strong><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷击地电位抬高入侵</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">建筑物在遭受直接雷击时，雷电流将沿建筑物防雷系统中各引下线和接地体入地，在此过程中，雷电流将在防雷系统中产生暂态高电压，如果引下线与周围网络设备绝缘距离不够且设备与避雷系统不共地，将在两者之间出现很高的电压，并会发生放电击穿，导致网络设备严重损坏，甚至人身安全。这种由于接地技术处理不当引起地电位的反击，造成整个网络系统设备全部击毁。地电位暂态高电位危及到相邻建筑物内网络设备，如网络系统建筑物没有遭雷击又无采取过电压保护措施，附近建筑物遭雷击后，暂态高电位将沿地下管道传至网络设备接地系统中对线路发生反击，使得与这些线路相连接的设备受到暂态高电位的损害。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷击过电压</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不管是雷电冲击波或者是地电位反击，都会在网络、线路或设备上产生瞬时的雷击过电压。雷击过电压又分为纵向过电压和横向过电压。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>1</font></font></span></strong><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">纵向过电压：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在平衡电路某点出现的对地的过电压称之为纵向过电压。地电位上升起的电压，可看做是从地系统侵入的纵向过电压。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>2</font></font></span></strong><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">横向过电压：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在平衡电路线与线之间，或不平衡电路的线对地之间出现的过电压称之为横向过电压。连接对称平衡传输线路的设备由于线路中两线分别对地的纵向过电压不平衡，或因纵向防护元件动作时间的差异，都会导致横向过电压的产生。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">连接同轴电缆系统的电子设备，纵向过电压即为横向过电压。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电子设备的损坏机理</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">纵向冲击对平衡电路中设备元部件的损坏有：损坏跨接在线与地之间的元部件或其绝缘介质；击穿在线路和设备间起阻抗匹配作用的变压器匝间、层间或线对地绝缘等。横向冲击则同信息一样可在电路中传输，损坏内部电路的电容、电感及耐冲击能力差的固体元件。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">设备中元部件遭受雷击损坏的程度，取决于不同的绝缘水平及受冲击的强度。对具有自行恢复能力的绝缘，击穿只是暂时的，一旦冲击消失，绝缘很快得到恢复，有些非自行恢复的绝缘介质，如果击穿后只流过很小的电流，常不会立即中断设备的运行，但随时间的推移，元部件受潮其绝缘逐渐下降，电路特性变坏，最后将使电路中断。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有的设备元部件如晶体管的集电极与发射极或发射极与基极，若发生反向击穿就出现了永久性损坏，对易受能量损坏的元器件，受损坏程度主要取决于流过其上的电流及持续时间。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷击电磁脉冲防护措施</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大楼通过建筑物主钢筋，上端与接闪器，下端与地网连接，中间与各层均压网或环形均压带连接，对进入建筑物的各种金属管线实施均压等电位连接，具有特殊要求的各种不同地线进行等电位处理。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对计算机通信网络系统在建筑物楼内的布线和接地方式要求：通信电缆以及地线的布放应尽量集中在建筑物的中部。通信电缆线槽以及地线线槽的布放应尽量避免紧靠建筑物立柱或横梁，并与之保持较长的距离，通信电缆线槽以及地线线槽的设计应尽可能位于距离建筑物立柱或横梁较远的位置。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根据雷电保护区的划分要求，建筑物大楼外部是直接雷击区域；建筑物内部及计算机房所处的位置为非暴露区，越往内部，危险程度越低。雷电过电压对内部电子设备的损害主要是沿线路引入。保护区的界面由外部的防雷系统、建筑物的钢筋混凝土及金属外壳等构成的屏敝层形成。电气通道以及金属管等金属构件，穿过各级雷电保护区时必须在每一穿过点做等电位连接。</span></font></p>
<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进入建筑物大楼的电源线和通讯线应在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">LPZ0</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">LPZ1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> LPZ1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">LPZ2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">区交界处、以及终端设备的前端，根据</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">IEC1312--</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电电磁脉冲防护标准，安装上电源类</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">SPD</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，以及通讯网络类</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">SPD</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（瞬态过电压保护器）。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">SPD</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是用以防护电子设备因受雷电闪击及其它干扰造成传导电涌过电压危害的有效手段。</span>]]>
</content>
</entry>

<entry>
<title>防雷知识系列（五）－外部防雷系统</title>
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346411.html"/>
<issued>2008-01-11T16-50-55 CST</issued> 
<created>2008-01-11T16-50-55 CST</created>
<modified>2008-08-28T00-05-04Z</modified>
<id>tag:zhaobang.blogchina.com,2005://1346411</id>
<author>
<name>zhaobang</name>
<url>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_index/zhaobang.html</url>
</author>
<dc:subject>防雷产品</dc:subject>
<content type="text/html" mode="escaped" xml:lang="zh_CN" xml:base="http://www.bokee.net"> 
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">外部防雷系统</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">外部防雷系统由接闪器（避雷针）、引下线、接地地网等有机组成。缺一不可。下面分别对以上三个主要因素的相关技术及安装进行描述。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主要讲本部分的内容是对建筑物外部空气如何截雷，把雷电流向大地中泄放的问题。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本部分的内容提要是：</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">接闪器：避雷针、避雷线、避雷带、避雷网</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">避雷带和避雷网的结构设计</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>(3)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">接闪器的选择和布置</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">接闪器</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">直接截受雷击，以及用作接闪的器具、金属构件和金属屋面等，称之为接闪器。功能是把接引来的雷电流，通过引下线和接地装置因如大地中泄放，保护建筑物免受雷害。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从公元</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1753</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，富兰克林发明了避雷针以来，避雷针作为接闪器唯一的形式，延续了上百年的历史，从十九世纪以后，逐渐有出现了避雷线、避雷带和避雷网。其分类如下：避雷针、避雷线</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、避雷带</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、避雷网</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">, </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">下面逐一介绍。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">避雷针</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">尖端放电</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由物理学可知，通常物体内部的正电荷和负电荷是相等的，所以从整体来看不显示带电现象。当某一物体所具有的正、负电荷不相等时，这个物体就显示带电的特性。当物体内部的正电荷多于负电荷时，物体带正电，反之带负电。由于电荷都有异性相吸、同性相斥的特性，所以带电物体中的同性电荷总是受到相互排斥电场力的作用。以图中带尖锋的金属球为例，假如金属球上带负电（同样也可以理解带上正电），由于电荷同性相斥的作用，电子总是分布到金属球的最外层表面，并且容易逃离金属球。球的尖锋部分，电子受到同性电荷往外排斥力最强，最容易被排斥离开金属球，这就是通常说的&ldquo;尖端放电&rdquo;。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公元</span><st1:chsdate w:st="on" year="1749" month="4" day="29" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1749</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">29</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，富兰克林在给约翰&middot;米西尔（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">John Mitchel</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的信中提出了，云层由于不断受到蒸汽摩擦而带电的看法，他认为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">&quot;</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当带电的云块飘过田野、掠过高山、巨树、耸立的高塔、尖屋顶、船舶桅杆、烟筒等物的时候，拖曳出电火，正如许多尖导体和突出物产生的现象一样，整个云层就在那里放出电来</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">&quot;</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由此，他提出了避雷针的设想。他说：既然尖导体可以把一个离它很远的带电体上的电荷释放掉，避免它对其他物体产生电击，那麽尖导体对于人类可能有些用处。于是他建议将一根上端尖锐并涂有防锈层的铁杆安装在房屋的最高处，并用导线接在它的下端，沿着墙壁直通到地下。在海船上则把铁杆固定在桅杆顶端，用导线连接向下直通入水中。它们就能在云层将要产生电击的千钧一发之际，静悄悄地把电从云中吸走，因而使我们免受最突然、最骇人的悲剧。富兰克林详细描述避雷针的装置，并正式宣布它是在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1753</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">避雷针的英文名字</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Lightning rod</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，直译为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">&quot;</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">闪电棍</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">&quot;</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">更准确些，本无避免雷击之意。这个名词望文生义就会产生误解。我们国内许多物理课本，甚至大学的教课书也把避雷针的原理说成是靠尖端放电中和云层电荷从而消除闪电的，这是错误的。实际上，在富兰克林发明避雷针的时候，提出了两种避雷针工作机理的解析；第一种解析认为，避雷针是靠其针尖电晕放电发出与雷雨云相反的电荷，使雷雨云的电荷得到中和，从而免除建筑物的雷害。第二种解析认为，避雷针是靠把雷雨云所带的异种电荷引导到自身上来，通过良好的接地装置，把雷电流泄入大地，保护建筑物不受雷击。至</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1753</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年富兰克林明确倾向于避雷针引雷的理论了，所以说避雷针是靠尖端放电消除闪电而能避雷的提法是错误的，避雷针是消除不了闪电的。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">工作原理</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷雨云形成以后对大地的电压，低则几百万伏，高则数千伏甚至更高，雷雨云对大地的一次闪击放电的峰值电流平均为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，它的瞬时功率为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">109-1012W</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上。由于瞬时功率很大，所以它的破坏力是相当大的。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当高空出现雷雨云的时候，大地上由于静电感应作用，必然带上与雷雨云相反的电荷，避雷针处于地面建筑物的最高处，与雷雨云的距离最近，由于它与有良好的电气连接，所以它于大地有相同的电位，使避雷针附近空间的电场强度比较大，容易吸引雷电先驱，使主放电都集中到它的上面，从而保护附近比它低的物体遭受雷击的几率大大减少。而避雷针被雷击的几率却大大的提高。避雷针不但不能避雷反而引雷，它是自身的多受雷击而保护周围免受雷击。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由于避雷针与大地有良好的电气连接，能把大地积存的电荷能量迅速传递到雷雨云层中泄放；或把雷雨云层中积存的电荷能量传递到大地中泄放，使雷击而造成的过电压时间大大的缩短，从很大程度上降低了雷击的危害性，这就是避雷针的工作原理。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">但需要说明，避雷针必须有足够可靠，并且有接地电阻尽量小的引下线接地装置与其配套，否则，它不但起不到避雷的作用，反而增大雷击的损害程度。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">避雷针保护范围的计算方法</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目前世界各国关于避雷针保护范围的计算公式在形式上各有不同，大体上有如下几种</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">计算方法：</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">折线法：即单一避雷针的保护范围为一折线圆锥体。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">曲线法：即单支避雷针的保护范围为一曲线锥体。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">直线法：是以避雷针的针尖为顶点作一俯角来确定，有爆炸危险的建筑物用</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">45</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">&deg;角，对一般建筑物采用</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">&deg;角，实质上保护范围为一直线圆锥体。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">自</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1983</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年起，我国正式制定了自己的防雷规范。目前我国建筑防雷规范</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">GB50057-94</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也采纳了国际电工委员（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">IEC</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）推荐的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">&quot;</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">滚球法</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">&quot;</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作为避雷针保护范围的计算方法。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">避雷针的制作规格</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由大量模拟实验和实际调查统计资料表明，避雷针的外表形状与其避雷效果无明显的关系，所以，不必过多考虑采用单针式或者其他形式造型的避雷针。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">避雷针宜采用圆钢或钢管制成，其直径不应小于下列数值：</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">针长</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="m" sourcevalue="1" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1m</font></span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以下：</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">圆钢为</span><font face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="mm" sourcevalue="12" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">12mm</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"> </span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">钢管为</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="mm" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20mm</font></span></st1:chmetcnv></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">针长</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="m" sourcevalue="2" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-2m</st1:chmetcnv></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">圆钢为</span><font face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="mm" sourcevalue="16" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">16mm</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"> </span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">钢管为</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="mm" sourcevalue="25" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">25mm</font></span></st1:chmetcnv></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">烟囱顶上的针：</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">圆钢为</span><font face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="mm" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">20mm</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"> </span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">钢管为</span><font face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="mm" sourcevalue="40" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">40mm</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"> (</span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">GB50057-94.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第四章</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主动式避雷针</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">近来国内市场经销一种叫主动式避雷针的产品，主要有来自法国和澳大利亚的产品，据厂家称，这此产品能够随大气电场变化而吸收能量，当存储的能量达到某一程度时，便会在避雷针尖放电，尖端周围空气离子化，使避雷针上方形成一条人工的向上的雷电先导，它比自然的向上的雷电通道能更早的于雷雨云向下的雷电先导接触，形成主放电通道。这样，一方面可以使雷雨云靠该避雷针放电的几率增加，相当于避雷针的保护范围加大，或者相当于将避雷针加高。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">避雷线</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">接闪器最初的形式只是富兰克林所设计的磨尖的铁棒。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪初，在电力系统，为了使输电线路少受雷击，采用了在输电线路上方架设平行的钢线避雷的方法，在实用中，由于它简单有效，逐步得到了推广。这种架设在输电线路上方的钢线，称之为避雷线。后来在房屋建筑上也推广了这种形式，开始布设在方脊、屋角、房檐等处作雷电保护，以后这种方式又有所改进。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">避雷带</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在房屋建筑雷电保护上，用扁平的金属带代替钢线接闪的方法称之为避雷带，它是由避雷线改进而来。在城市高大楼房上，使用避雷带比避雷针有较多的优点，它可以与楼房顶的装饰结合起来，可以与房屋的外形较好的配合，即美观防雷效果又好，特别是大面积的建筑，它的保护范围大而有效，这是避雷针所无法比的。避雷带的制作，采用扁钢，截面积不小于</span><font face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="mm" sourcevalue="48" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">48mm</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">2</span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，其厚度不应小于</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="mm" sourcevalue="4" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4mm</font></span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">避雷网</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">避雷网是指利用钢筋混凝土结构中的钢筋网作为雷电保护的方法（必要时还可以辅助避雷网），也叫做暗装避雷网。它是根据古典电学中法拉第笼的原理达到雷电保护的金属导电体网络。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">暗装避雷网是把最上层屋顶作为接闪设备。根据一般建筑物的结构，钢筋距面层只有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="cm" sourcevalue="7" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0">-7cm</st1:chmetcnv></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，面层愈薄，雷击点的洞愈小。但有些建筑物的防水层和隔热层较厚，入彀钢筋距面层厚度大于</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="cm" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20cm</font></span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，最好另装辅助避雷网。辅助避雷网一般可用直径为</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="mm" sourcevalue="6" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6mm</font></span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或以上的镀锌圆钢，网格大小可根据建筑物重要性，分别采用</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="m" sourcevalue="5" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5m</font></span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">&prime;</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="m" sourcevalue="5" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><