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<title><![CDATA[上海兆邦防雷、电力工程师博客(BOKEE)]]> </title>
<description>
<![CDATA[ 我公司新研制和开发的防雷新产品有FEG-12/5穿刺式防雷支柱绝缘子，CFH-70/240穿刺式防弧线夹，CFHJ-70/240穿刺式防弧线夹，FDL-50/240穿刺式防弧验电接地环]]>
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<link>http://zhaobang.blog.bokee.net/</link>
<language>zh-cn</language>
<creator>zhaobang</creator>
<pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2008 14:43:56 CST </pubDate>
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<title>防雷产品的技术原理及发展</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/2086649.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2" align="center"><strong><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: #bb0000; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">防雷产品的技术原理及发展<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">简介：</span></strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">在国民经济的许多重要领域（邮电、广电、金融、电力、公路等）防雷已经是热门话题，这是因为<span lang="EN-US">IT</span>技术的普及导致了保护<span lang="EN-US">IT</span>设备的防雷产品需求的高速增长。有需求就有供给正是市场经济的魅力所在，因此防雷产品市场兴旺发达，各种新品层出不穷，防雷技术也有了很大的发展。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">&middot;<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><font size="3"><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">关键字：</span></strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">防雷<span lang="EN-US">,</span>接闪器<span lang="EN-US">,</span>低压电源避雷器<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">在国民经济的许多重要领域（邮电、广电、金融、电力、公路等）防雷已经是热门话题，这是因为<span lang="EN-US">IT</span>技术的普及导致了保护<span lang="EN-US">IT<a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=yhscd" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">设备</span></span></a></span>的防雷产品需求的高速增长。有需求就有供给正是市场经济的魅力所在，因此防雷产品市场兴旺发达，各种新品层出不穷，防雷技术也有了很大的发展。但从事<span lang="EN-US">IT</span>行业的技术人员对强电不是很熟悉，加上过去防雷是很冷僻的学科，系统介绍防雷技术及防雷产品的资料很少，这就给用户经济合理地选择防雷产品带来了困惑。<span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">一<span lang="EN-US">.</span>防雷产品的变迁</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　当人们知道雷是一种电现象后，对雷电的崇拜和恐惧就逐渐消失，并开始以科学的眼光来从新观察这一神奇的自然现象，希望能利用或控制雷电活动以造福人类。<span lang="EN-US">200</span>多年前富兰克林率先在技术上向雷电发起了挑战，他发明的避雷针可能要算是最早的防雷产品，今天这一品名几乎已被所有的人知道。其实，富兰克林在发明避雷针时是以为金属避雷针的尖端放电作用可以综合雷云中的电荷，使雷云和大地间的电场降低到无法击穿空气的水平，从而避免了雷击的发生，所以当时的避雷针一定要求是尖的。但后来的研究表明：避雷针是无法避免雷击的发生的，它之所以能防止雷击是因为高高耸立的避雷针改变了大气电场，使得一定范围的雷云总是向避雷针放电，也就是说避雷针只是比它周围的其它物体更容易接闪雷电，避雷针被雷击中而其它物体受到保护，这就是避雷针的防雷原理。进一步的研究表明避雷针的接闪作用几乎只与其高度有关，而与其外形无关，就是说避雷针不一定是尖的。现在防雷技术领域统称这一类防雷装置为接闪器。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　电的普遍使用促进了防雷产品的发展，当高压输电网为千家万户提供动力和照明时，雷电也大量危害高压输变电设备。高压线架设高、距离长、穿越地形复杂，容易被雷击中。避雷针的保护范围不足以保护上千公里的输电线，因此避雷线作为保护高压线的新型接闪器就应运而生。在高压线获得保护后，与高压线连接的发、<u><span style="COLOR: blue">配电</span></u>设备仍然被过电压损坏，人们发现这是由于<span lang="EN-US">&ldquo;</span>感应雷<span lang="EN-US">&rdquo;</span>在作怪。（感应雷是因为直击雷放电而感应到附近的金属导体中的，感应雷可通过两种不同的感应方式侵入导体，一是静电感应：当雷云中的电荷积聚时，附近的导体也会感应上相反的电荷，当雷击放电时，雷云中的电荷迅速释放，而导体中原来被雷云电场束缚住的静电也会沿导体流动寻找释放通道，就会在电路中形成电脉冲。二是电磁感应：在雷云放电时，迅速变化的雷电流在其周围产生强大的瞬变电磁场，在其附近的导体中产生很高的感生电动势。研究表明：静电感应方式引起的浪涌数倍于电磁感应引起的浪涌。）雷电在高压线上感应起电涌，并沿导线传播到与之相连的发、配电设备，当这些设备的耐压较低时就会被感应雷损坏，为抑制导线中的电涌，人们发明了线路避雷器。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　早期的线路避雷器是开放的空气间隙。空气的击穿电压很高，约<span lang="EN-US">500kV/m</span>，而当其被高电压击穿后就只有几十伏的低压了。利用空气的这一特性人们<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://job.tgnet.cn/Sub06.aspx" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">设计</span></span></a></span>出了早期的线路避雷器，将一根导线的一端连在输电线上，另一根导线的一端接地，两根导线的另一端相隔一定距离构成空气间隙的两个电极，间隙距离确定了避雷器的击穿电压，击穿电压应略高于输电线的工作电压，这样当电路正常工作时，空气间隙相当于开路，不会影响线路的正常工作。当过电压侵入时，空气间隙被击穿，过电压被箝位到很低的水平，过电流也通过空气间隙泄放入地，实现了避雷器对线路的保护。开放间隙有太多的缺点，如击穿电压受环境影响大；空气放电会氧化电极；空气电弧形成后，需经过多个交流周期才能熄弧，这就可能造成避雷器故障或线路故障。以后研制出的气体放电管、管式避雷器、磁吹避雷器在很大程度上克服了这些毛病，但他们仍然是建立在气体放电的原理上。气体放电型避雷器的固有缺点：冲击击穿电压高；放电时延较长（<span lang="EN-US">&mu;s</span>级）；残压波形陡峭（<span lang="EN-US">dV/dt</span>较大）。这些缺点决定了气体放电型避雷器对敏感<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=peidian" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">电气</span></span></a></span>设备的保护能力不强。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　半导体技术的发展为我们提供了防雷新材料，比如稳压管，其伏<span lang="EN-US">&mdash;</span>安特性是符合线路防雷要求的，只是其通过雷电流的能力弱，使得普通的稳压管不能直接用作避雷器。早期的半导体避雷器是以碳化硅材料做成的阀式避雷器，它具有与稳压管相似的伏<span lang="EN-US">&mdash;</span>安特性，但通过雷电流的能力很强。不过很快人们又发现了金属氧化物半导体变阻器（<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>），其伏<span lang="EN-US">&mdash;</span>安特性更好，并具有响应时间快、通流容量大等许多优点。因此，目前普遍采用<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>线路避雷器。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　随着通信的发展，又产生了许多用于通信线路的避雷器，由于受通信线路传输参数的约束，这一类避雷器要考虑电容和电感等影响传输参数的指标。但其防雷原理与<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>基本一致。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">二<span lang="EN-US">.</span>现代防雷产品介绍</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">现代防雷产品种类繁多，大致可分为四大类：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">　　</span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">1.</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">接闪器</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　避雷针是最早的接闪器，也是目前世界上公认的最成熟的防直击雷装置。避雷带、避雷网、避雷线是避雷针的变形，其接闪原理是一致的。对避雷针的接闪原理的认识是有一个发展过程的，现在的滚球法理论比较全面地解释了接闪器吸引雷电的各种现象，被国内外标准所采纳。滚球法理论认为：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）接闪器的保护范围如图所示：半径为<span lang="EN-US">R</span>的球与接闪器和地面相切绕接闪器滚动一周所形成的阴影区域即为接闪器的保护范围。<span lang="EN-US">R</span>根据不同的防雷类别分别选为<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="30" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">30</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>、<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="45" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">45</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>、<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="60" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">60</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）在保护范围内并不是没有雷击，只是雷击能量较小，滚球半径<span lang="EN-US">R</span>越小，进入保护范围的雷击能量也越小，也就是说接闪器的防雷效果越好。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">3</span>）接闪器并非越高越好，超过<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="60" unitname="米"><span lang="EN-US">60</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>的接闪器在技术上是没有多大意义的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　理论上任何良好接地的金属物体都可以作为接闪器，因此随着经济的发展，人们对接闪器的外形提出了要求，希望能与漂亮的现代<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=Effect_chart" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">建筑</span></span></a></span>协调，出现了一些形状各异，五彩缤纷的接闪器，但其防雷原理并没有改变。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　由于传统接闪器并没有消除雷击，而只是将雷电流引向自身，这样会带来地电位升高、侧击、雷电流电磁干扰等问题，虽然能采用其它技术手段解决，但人们总希望有一劳永逸的解决方法。近年来出现了一些新产品，声称在进一步控制雷电方面取得了成果。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）消雷器<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　消雷器是国内近年来有非常大影响的防雷产品。它是希望改变接闪器的材料和形状来产生电流综合雷云中的电荷，让雷云在消雷器的保护范围内无法建立起接闪所需的场强，以达到消雷的目的。由于消雷器所声称的效果完全满足了人们所希望的防雷效果，因此一段时间内消雷器风靡国内市场。后来国内许多专家提出异议，认为消雷器的原理在技术上无法实现，并在理论上和实践上提出了大量例证，市售消雷器并不能真正消雷。由于两派观点都有国内知名防雷专家支持，所以消雷器在国内防雷学术界引起极大的争论，遗憾的是最后这些争论发展到超出了学术范畴，认为是专家的道德问题，有的居然提到了伪科学问题。结果谁也没被说服，争论最后以行政命令禁用消雷器而告终。在消雷器的繁荣时期，许多厂家也提供与消雷器相似原理的接闪器，名目繁多，有导体消雷器、半导体消雷器、大幅度降低接闪电流的特殊避雷针等。在各部发文禁用消雷器后，这些产品也销声匿迹，或改头换面。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）特殊避雷针<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　还有一些避雷针承认自己接闪雷电，但其保护范围特别大，而且不会因为加装了避雷针而增大雷击概率。这一类产品在市场上的份额不大，没多少人去深究其技术原理的可行性。但在标准中规定任何接闪器都只能按滚球法校核保护范围。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">3)</span>引下线<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　一些厂家不在接闪器上作文章，却在引下线上采取措施，他们认为接闪器接闪时大量的雷电流通过引下线入地，会在周围的导体中产生感应雷，因此推出有屏蔽作用的引下线。必须指出：感应雷主要是由雷云的静电感应引起的，只屏蔽引下线作用并不大，而是要加强所有导线的屏蔽效果，才能削弱感应雷。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　其实，在国标《建筑物防雷<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://job.tgnet.cn/Sub06.aspx" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">设计</span></span></a></span>规范》（<span lang="EN-US">GB50057&mdash;94</span>）中，对金属引下线的规定就已采取了降低引下线电磁干扰的措施，如多根引下线的分流作用，均匀对称的布置在建筑物四周可相互抵消内部电磁场，利用建筑物的钢筋框架这个很好的屏蔽笼（法拉第笼）接闪引下雷电流等。因此，普通金属引下线的方法在技术经济上都是可行的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">　　</span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">2.</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">低压电源避雷器</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　原邮电部的分析统计表明：通信站<span lang="EN-US">80%</span>的雷击事故是由雷电波侵入电源线造成。因此，低压交流避雷器发展非常迅速，而以<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>材料为主的避雷器在市场上占有统治地位。<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>避雷器的生产厂家众多，其产品的差别主要表现在：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）通流容量<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　通流容量是避雷器所能耐受的最大雷电流（<span lang="EN-US">8&times;20`&mu;s</span>）。信息产业部标准《通信工程电源系统防雷技术规定》（<span lang="EN-US">YD5078</span>－<span lang="EN-US">98</span>）对电源避雷器的通流容量做出了规定，首级避雷器大于<span lang="EN-US">20</span>千安。不过目前市场上避雷器通流容量有越做越大的趋势，通流容量大避雷器不容易被雷击损坏，耐受小雷电流冲击的次数增加，残压也略有降低，采取冗余并联技术的避雷器还提高了保护能力的可靠性。但是避雷器的损坏并不都是由于雷击造成。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　目前，有人提出检测避雷器应采用<span lang="EN-US">10&times;350&mu;s</span>电流波，其理由是<span lang="EN-US">IEC1024</span>和<span lang="EN-US">IEC1312</span>等标准在描述雷电波时采用了<span lang="EN-US">10&times;350&mu;s</span>波。这种说法是不全面的，因为在<span lang="EN-US">IEC1312</span>中对避雷器进行匹配计算时仍然采用<span lang="EN-US">8&times;20&mu;s</span>电流波，在<span lang="EN-US">IEC1643</span>《低压<u><span style="COLOR: blue">配电</span></u>系统保护<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=yhscd" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">设备</span></span></a></span>（<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>）<span lang="EN-US">&mdash;&mdash;</span>选用原理》中也采用<span lang="EN-US">8&times;20&mu;s</span>波来作为检测避雷器（<span lang="EN-US">SPD</span>）的主要电流波形。因此，不能说用<span lang="EN-US">8&times;20&mu;s</span>波检测避雷器的通流容量是过时的，也不能说用<span lang="EN-US">8&times;20&mu;s</span>波检测避雷器的通流容量就不符合国际标准。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">2</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">）保护电路<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>避雷器的失效有短路和开路两种形式，强大的雷电流可能将避雷器击坏，形成开路故障，这时避雷器模块的外形往往会被破坏。避雷器也可能因时间长材料老化而动作电压下降，当动作电压下降到低于线路工作电压的水平时，避雷器通过交流电流增加，避雷器发热，最终会破坏<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>器件的非线性特性，导致避雷器部分短路烧毁。电源线路故障造成的工作电压升高也可能产生类似情况。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　避雷器的开路故障不影响电源供电，要检查动作电压才能发现，因此避雷器需定期检查。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　避雷器的短路故障影响电源供电，发热严重时会烧毁导线，需要保护报警电路来确保供电安全，过去主要是在避雷器模块上串联保险丝，但保险丝既要保证雷电流通过又要在短路电流出现时熔断，在技术上实现起来较困难，特别是避雷器模块多是部分短路，短路时流过的电流并不大，但持续电流足以使主要用于泄放脉冲电流的避雷器严重发热。后来出现的温度断开装置较好地解决了这个问题，通过设定装置的断开温度来检测避雷器的部分短路，一旦避雷器发热装置自动断开，并给出光、电、声地报警信号。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">3</span>）残压<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　信息产业部标准《通信工程电源系统防雷技术规定》（<span lang="EN-US">YD5078</span>－<span lang="EN-US">98</span>）对各级避雷器的残压做出了具体要求，应该说标准要求的指标是很容易达到的，<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>避雷器的残压是其动作电压的<span lang="EN-US">2.5&mdash;3.5</span>倍。直接并联的单级避雷器其残压差别并不大，降低残压的措施是降低动作电压和增大避雷器通流容量，但动作电压太低由于电源不稳造成的避雷器损坏就会增加。国外一些产品在进入中国市场初期，动作电压都很低，后来都大大提高了动作电压。可以通过两级避雷器来降低残压，如图所示：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　雷电波入侵时避雷器<span lang="EN-US">1</span>放电，产生的残压为<span lang="EN-US">V1</span>；流过避雷器<span lang="EN-US">1</span>的电流为<span lang="EN-US">I1</span>；避雷器<span lang="EN-US">2</span>放电的残压为<span lang="EN-US">V2</span>，流过的电流为<span lang="EN-US">I2</span>。这样就有：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">V2=V1-I2Z<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　显然避雷器<span lang="EN-US">2</span>的残压低于避雷器<span lang="EN-US">1</span>的残压。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　有厂家提供两级防雷的避雷器，用于单相电源防雷，因单相供电的功率一般在<span lang="EN-US">5KW</span>以下，线路电流不大，阻抗电感容易绕制。也有厂家提供三相的两级避雷器，因三相电源的功率可能很大，因此这中避雷器的体积大、价格高。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　在标准中要求在电源线上多级加装避雷器，其实也能实现降低残压的效果，只不过是利用了导线的自感做各级避雷器间的隔离阻抗电感。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　避雷器的残压只是避雷器的技术指标，真正加在<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=yhscd" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">设备</span></span></a></span>上的过电压还要在残压的基础上加上避雷器与电源线、地线连接的两段导线电感产生的附加电压，因此正确的安装避雷器也是降低设备过电压的重要措施。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　<span lang="EN-US">4</span>）其它功能<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　避雷器还可以根据用户需要提供雷击计数器、<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=jiankong" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">监控</span></span></a></span>接口和不同的安装方式。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">　　</span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">3.</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">通信线路避雷器</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　通信线路避雷器的技术要求较高，因为除了满足防雷技术要求外，还须保证传输指标符合要求。加上与通信线路相连的设备耐压很低，对防雷器件的残压要求严格，因此在选择防雷器件时较困难，目前常用的防雷器件的相关性能如下表所示：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><a title="1.jpg.jpg.jpg" href="http://info.tgnet.cn/Info/Images/2007/09/01/1602756043_676545.jpg" target="_blank"><span style="COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><font size="3"><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:connecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" title="1.jpg.jpg.jpg" style="WIDTH: 216.75pt; HEIGHT: 74.25pt" o:button="t" alt="1.jpg.jpg.jpg" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:href="http://info.tgnet.cn/Info/Images/2007/09/01/1602756043_676545.jpg" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\王春华\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape></font></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　理想的通信线路防雷器件应是电容小、残压低、通流大、响应快。显然表中的器件都不理想，放电管几乎可以用于所有的通信频率，但其防雷能力较弱；<span lang="EN-US">MOV</span>电容较大，只适用于音频传输，<span lang="EN-US">TVS</span>耐雷电流的能力较弱只能起辅助保护作用。不同的防雷器件在电流波的冲击下其残压波形也不同，如图所示。根据残压波形的特点，可将避雷器分为开关型和限压型，也可以将两种复合在一起，扬长避短。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　解决的方法是采用不同器件组合成两级避雷器，其原理图与电源的两级避雷器同。只是第一级用放电管，中间隔离阻抗用电阻或<span lang="EN-US">PTC</span>，第二级用<span lang="EN-US">TVS</span>，这样可以发挥各器件之所长。这种避雷器大约可到几十<span lang="EN-US">MHZ</span>的频率。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　更高频率的避雷器就主要是采用放电管了，如移动和寻呼的天馈线避雷器，否则很难满足传输要求。也有产品采用高通滤波器的原理，因雷电波的能量频谱集中在几千赫兹到几百千赫兹之间，相对于天线的频率很低，滤波器容易制作。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">最简单的电路是在高频芯线上并联一个小磁芯电感，就可以构成高通滤波的避雷器。对于点频通信天线也可采用四分之一波长的短路线构成带通滤波器，防雷效果更好，但这两种方法都会将天馈线上传送的直流短路，其应用范围有限。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">　　</span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">4.</span></strong><strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">接地装置</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　接地是防雷的基础，标准规定的接地方法是采用金属型材铺设水平或垂直地极，在腐蚀强烈的地区可以采用镀锌和加大金属型材的截面积的方法抗腐，也可以采用非金属导体做地极，如石墨地极和硅酸盐水泥地极。更合理的方法是利用现代<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://g.tgnet.cn/GroupIndex.aspx?no=Effect_chart" target="_blank"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US">建筑</span></span></a></span>的基础钢筋做地极，有事半功倍之效。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　由于过去对防雷认识的局限性，片面强调降低接地电阻的重要性，导致一些厂家推出各种接地产品，声称能降低地电阻。如降阻剂、高分子地极、非金属地极等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　其实就防雷的角度讲，对接地电阻的认识已有变化，对地网的布置形式的要求较高，对阻值要求放松，在<span lang="EN-US">GB50057--94</span>中只强调了各种建筑的地网形式，而没有阻值要求，这是由于在等电位原理的防雷理论中，地网只是一个总的电位基准点，并不是绝对的零电位点。要求地网形状是为了等电位的需要，而要求阻值就不符合逻辑了，当然在条件许可时，获得低的接地电阻总没有什么错。另外供电和通信对接地电阻有要求，那已超出防雷技术的范围。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　接地电阻主要受土壤电阻率和地极与土壤接触电阻有关，在构成地网时与形状和地极数量也有关系，降阻剂和各种接地极无非是改善地极与土壤的接触电阻或接触面积。但土壤电阻率起决定作用，其它的都较易改变，如果土壤电阻率太高就只有工程浩大的换土或改良土壤的方法才能有效，其它方法都难以凑效。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="BACKGROUND: #f9fcfe; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><font size="3">　　防雷是一个老话题，但仍在不断发展中，应该说现在尚无万试万灵的产品。防雷技术还有许多待探索的东西，目前雷云起电的机理还不清楚，雷电感应的定量研究也很薄弱，因此防雷产品也在发展中，一些防雷产品所声称的新效果，需以科学的态度在实践中检验，在理论上发展完善。由于雷电本身是小概率事件，需要大量长期的统计分析才能得到有益的结果，这需要各方的通力合作才能实现。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/2086649.html</guid>
<subject>防雷产品</subject>
<author>zhaobang</author>
<category>防雷产品</category>
<pubDate>Tue, 26 Aug 2008 16:32:15 CST </pubDate>
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<item>
<title>和谐社会、和谐家园、和谐国家</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346513.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<span class="Title">
<p>儿子已经一岁了，希望能够在以后的成长道路上茁壮成长。希望老婆生意越做越好，家庭幸福了。最新希望能为中国电力系统架空绝缘导线防雷做出一些贡献！ </p>
</span>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346513.html</guid>
<subject>防雷产品</subject>
<author>zhaobang</author>
<category>防雷产品</category>
<pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2008 17:13:37 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>防雷接地安全基础知识解答</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346425.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p style="BACKGROUND: #fcfefe; LINE-HEIGHT: 22.5pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">1</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">、雷电过电压有两种基本形式：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">一是：直接雷电<span lang="EN-US">&mdash;&mdash;</span>又称直击雷</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span><font face="宋体">二是：雷电感应<span lang="EN-US">&mdash;&mdash;</span>又称感应雷</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">2</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、接闪器的作用：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体">接闪器是用来接受直击雷电的金属体，它必须经过接地引下线与接地装置相连。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">3</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、避雷针的功用：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>避雷针的作用实际上是起引雷的作用，它是用来防护直击雷的。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">4</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、避雷器的使用类型及功用：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>一般常用的避雷器有阀式、排气式（管型）、氧化锌等。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><font face="宋体">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><font face="宋体">避雷器是用来防护雷电过电压沿线路侵入变配电室或其它建筑物内以免危及被保护物的绝缘。现在在配电室外经常使用的是氧化锌避雷器，室内经常使用的一般是阀式避雷器。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">5</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、工厂变配电室常用的防雷措施：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>防护直击雷采用避雷针（或避雷线、避雷带、避雷网）防护雷电波侵入的方法是避雷器。</font><span lang="EN-US"><font face="宋体"> <br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">6</strong></font></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、安全电流的概念：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>安全电流指的是人体触电后最大的摆脱电流。我国规定的安全电流为<span lang="EN-US">30</span>毫安（<span lang="EN-US">50HZ</span>）。安全电流与触电时间、电流性质、电流路径及体重和健康状况等因素有关。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p style="BACKGROUND: #fcfefe; LINE-HEIGHT: 22.5pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">7</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">、安全电压概念：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">&nbsp; </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt"><font face="宋体">安区电压是指不致使人直接致死或致残的电压。我国规定的安全特低电压是<span lang="EN-US">36</span>伏。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">8</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、地的概念：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp; </span>电气上的地（或大地）是指电位为零的地方；这个地一般指离接地故障点大约<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">20</span>米</st1:chmetcnv>以外的地方。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">9</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、接触电压、跨步电压：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>接触电压是指人接触发生接地故障的设备外露可导电部分所呈现的对地电压；跨步电压指的是人在接地故障点附近行走时，两脚之间所呈现的电位差。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">10</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、工作接地、保护接地的概念：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>为保证电力系统和设备达到正常工作的要求而进行的接地叫工作接地。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><font face="宋体">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><font face="宋体">为保障人身安全防止间接触电而进行的接地叫保护接地。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><font face="宋体">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><font face="宋体">例如：变压器中性点接地、接闪器和避雷器的接地是工作接地。互感器二次侧端子接地、设备外壳接地为保护接地。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">11</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、目前我国采用的几种保护接地的方式：</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>有<span lang="EN-US">TN</span>系统<span lang="EN-US">;TT</span>系统；<span lang="EN-US">IT</span>系统；</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><font face="宋体">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><font face="宋体">其中在<span lang="EN-US">TN</span>系统中又分为：<span lang="EN-US">TN-C</span>、<span lang="EN-US">TN-S</span>、<span lang="EN-US">TN-C-S</span>等三种保护接地方式。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">12</font></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font face="宋体">、等电位联接：等电位联接可分为总等电位联接、辅助等电位联接。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></strong><font face="宋体"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>此种做法的目的就是将人可能接触到的可导电的金属物体与<span lang="EN-US">PE</span>线直接相连。国际上和我国都规定，电源线进户处应实施总等电位联接，即将电源线进户处附近所有的金属构件、管道均与<span lang="EN-US">PE</span>线联接。在特别潮湿、触电危险的场所（如浴室）还必须进行辅助等电位联接，即将该场所内所有的金属构件、管道再与<span lang="EN-US">PE</span>线相互连接。</font><span lang="EN-US"><br /><font face="宋体">13</font></span><font face="宋体">、在发现有人触电时首先做的第一项工作是想办法让触电人迅速脱离电源，再进行其它方式的急救<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346425.html</guid>
<subject>防雷产品</subject>
<author>zhaobang</author>
<category>防雷产品</category>
<pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2008 16:53:19 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>防雷知识系列（四）－雷电安全常识</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346402.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、雷电发生时应注意的人身安全？</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">留在室内，并好门窗；在室外工作的人应躲入建筑物内。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不宜使用无防雷措施或防雷措施不足的电视、音响等电器，不宜使用水龙头。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">切勿接触天线、水管、铁丝网、金属门窗、建筑物外墙，远离电线等带电设备或其他类似金属装置。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">减少使用电话和手提电话。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">切勿游泳或从事其他水上运动或活动，不宜进行室外球类运动，离开水面以及其他空旷的场地，寻找地方躲避。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">切勿站立于山顶、楼顶上或接近导电性高的物体。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">切勿处理开口容器盛载的易燃物品。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">8.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在旷野无法躲入有防雷设施的建筑物内时，应远离树木和桅杆。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">9.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在空旷场地不宜打伞，不宜把锄头、铁锹、羽毛球拍、高尔夫球等扛在肩上。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不宜进入无防雷设施的临时棚屋、岗亭等低矮建筑。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">11.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不宜开摩托车、骑自行车。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、单位应该怎样进行雷电灾害防范？</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1 .</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">单位应定期由有资质的专业防雷检测机构检测防雷设施，评估防雷设施是否符合国家规范要求，比如：学校、区级以上医院、四星级以上宾馆、特区内高度在</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="45" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">45</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">米</span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上的高层建筑需两年检测一次。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">单位应设立防范雷电灾害责任人，负责防雷安全工作，建立各项防雷安全工作，建立各项防雷设施的定期检测，雷雨后的检查和日常的维护。如，雷雨过后，安装在电话程控交换机、电脑等电器设备电源上和信号线上的过压保护器应检查有无损坏，发现损坏时应及时更换。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">建设单位在防雷设施的设计和建设时，应根据地质、土壤、气象、环境、被保护物的特点，雷电活动规律等因素综合考虑，采用安全可靠、技术先进、经济合理的设计施工。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">应采用技术和质量均符合国家标准的防雷设备、器件、器材、避免使用非标准防雷产品和器件。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">新增加建设和新增加安装设备应同时对防雷系统进行重新设计和建设，如：重新铺设电脑网络线、室外天线的移位和加高等等都应该重新设计和建设防雷设施。</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷灾发生时应及时向市防雷所上报情况，以便及时处理，避免再次雷击。</span></font></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346402.html</guid>
<subject>防雷产品</subject>
<author>zhaobang</author>
<category>防雷产品</category>
<pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2008 16:49:38 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>防雷知识系列（三）－雷电防护基础</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346393.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电防护基础</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现代防雷技术的特点：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现代防雷技术的理论基础在于：闪电是电流源，防雷的基本途径就是要提供一条雷电流（包括雷电电磁脉冲辐射）对地泄放的合理的阻抗路径，而不能让其随机性选择放电通道，简言之就是要控制雷电能量的泄放与转换。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">德国专家希曼斯基在《过电压保护理论与实践中》提出了现代防雷保护的三道防线：</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">外部保护</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">---</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">将绝大部分雷电流直接引入地下泄散；</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">内部保护及过电压保护</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">----</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">阻塞沿电源线或数据线、信号线引入的侵入波危害设备；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">过电压保护</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">----</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">限制被保护设备上雷电过电压幅值。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这三道防线相互配合，各尽其职，缺一不可。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">IEC LPZ</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">防雷分区　</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按电磁兼容的原理把信息系统所在建筑物或构筑物按需要保护的空间由外到内分为不同的雷电防护区</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> (LPZ),</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以确定各</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">LPZ</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">空间的雷击电磁脉冲的强度及应采取的防护措施。雷电防护区可分为：</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">直击雷非防护区（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">LPZ OA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）：本区内的各类物体完全暴露在外部防雷装置的保护范围之外，都可能遭到直接雷击；本区内的电磁场未得到任何屏蔽衰减，属完全暴露的不设防区。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">直击雷防护区（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">LPZ 0B</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）：</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本区内的各类物体处在外部防雷装置保护范围之内，应不可能遭到大于所选滚球半径雷电流直接雷击；但本区内的电磁场未得到任何屏蔽衰减，属充分暴露的直击雷防护区。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第一屏蔽防护区（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">LPZ1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）：</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本区内的各物体不可能遭到直接雷击，流经各类导体的电流比</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">LPZ 0B</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">区进一步减小；且由于建筑物的屏蔽措施，本区内的电磁场强度也已得到了初步的衰减。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二屏蔽防护区（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">LPZ 2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）：为进一步减小所导引的电流或电磁场而增设的后续防护区。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第三屏蔽防护区（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">LPZ 3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">需要进一步减小雷击电磁脉冲，以保护敏感设备的后续防护区</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">过电压造成建（构）筑物及设备损坏的几个方面</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>(1)</font></font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">A.</strong></font></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">直击雷：</span></strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是指雷电直接击在建筑物构架、动植物上，因电效应、热效应和机械效应等造成建筑物等损坏以及人员的伤亡。一般防直击雷是通过避雷装置即接闪器（针、带、网、线、）引下线构成完整的电气通路后将雷电流泄入大地。然而接闪器、引下线和接地装置的导通只能保护建筑物本身免受直击雷的损毁，但雷电会透过多种形式及途径破坏电子设备。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">B.</strong></font></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">感应雷：</span></strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是雷电在雷云之间或雷云对地的放电时，并在附近的户外传输信号线路、埋地电力线、设备间连接线和电磁感应并侵入设备，使串联在线路中间或终端的电子设备遭到损害。感应雷虽然没有直击雷猛烈，但其发生的几率比直击雷高得多。直击雷只发生在雷云对地闪击时才会对地面造成灾害，而感应雷则不论雷云对地闪击或者雷云对雷云之间闪击，都可能发生并造成灾害。此外直击雷一次只能袭击一个小范围的目标，而一次雷闪击都可以在较大的范围内多个小局部同时产生感应雷过电压现象并且这种感应高压可以通过电力线、电话线等传输到很远，致使雷害范围扩大。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">C.</strong></font></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电波侵入：</span></strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由于雷电电流有极大峰值和陡度，在它周围出现瞬变电磁场，处在这瞬变电磁场中的导体会感应出较大的电动势，而此瞬变电磁场，都会在空间一定的范围内产生电磁作用，也可以是脉冲电磁波辐射，而这种空间雷电电磁脉冲波（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">LEMP</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）是在三维空间范围里对一切电子设备发生作用。因瞬变时间极短或感应的电压很高，以致产生电火花，其电磁脉冲往往超过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">高斯。现代银行、邮电、证券机房或营业柜台普通应用微机进行货币存取、信息传递与交换，其对磁脉冲承受限度一般为小于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">0.007</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">高斯，故在新机房建设或旧机房改造时应对防雷与磁屏蔽措施必须充分注意。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>D.</strong></font></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">球形雷：</span></strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是一种特殊的雷电现象，简称球雷。一般是以橙或红色，或似红色火焰地发光球体，（也有带黄色、绿色、蓝色或紫色的），直径一般约为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10-20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">厘米，最大的直径可达<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="1" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="3" tcsc="1">一米</st1:chmetcnv>，存在的时间大约为百分之几秒至几分钟，一般是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">至</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">秒，其下降时有的无声，有的发出嘶嘶声，一旦遇到物体或电气设备时会产生燃烧或爆炸，其主要是沿建筑物的孔洞或开着的门窗进入室内，有的由烟囱或通气管道滚进楼房，多数沿带电体消失。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(2)</strong></font></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">操作瞬间过电压：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">众所周知，当电流在导体上流动时，会产生磁场，储存能量，电流越大，导线越长，储能越大，所以当大型负载（特别是电感性负载）电气设备开关时，便会产生瞬时过电压。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>(3)</strong></font></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地电位反击：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是指雷击大地或接地体，引起地电位上升而波及附近的电子设备，对设备产生反击，损害其对地绝缘。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多层分级（类）保护的避雷装置</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多级分级（类）保护原则：即根据电气、微电子设备的不同功能及不同受保护程序和所属保护层确定防护要点作分类保护；根据雷电和操作瞬间过城市危害的可能通道从电源线到数据通信线路都应做多级层保护。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></strong></font></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">外部无源保护</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级保护区即外部作无源保护，主要有避雷针（网、线、带）和接地装置（接地线、地极）。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">保护原理：当雷云放电接近地面时，它使地面电场发生畸变。在避雷针（线）顶部，形成局部电场强度畸变，以影响雷电先导放电的发展方向，引导雷电向避雷针（线）放电，再通过接地引下线，接地装置将雷电流引入大地，从而使被保护物免受雷击。这是人们长期实践证明的有效的防直击雷的方法。然而，以往一般认为用避雷针架空得越高越好（一般只按</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">45</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">度角考虑），且使用被动放电式避雷针，其反应速度差，保护的范围小以及导通量小。根据现代化发展的要求，避雷针应选择提前放电主动式的防雷装置，并且应该从</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">度、</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">45</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">度、</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">度等不同角度考虑，安装，以做到对各种雷击的防护，增大保护范围以及增加导通量。建筑物的所有外露金属构件（管道），都应与防雷网（带，线）良好连接。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">内部防护</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></strong></font></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电源部分防护：</span></strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电侵害主要是通过线路侵入。高压部分电力局有专用高压避雷装置，电力传输线把对地的电力限制到小于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6000</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">伏（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">IEC62.41</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），而线对线则无法控制。所以，对</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">380v</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">低压线路应进行过电压保护，按国家规范应分三部分：建议在高压变压器后端到楼宇总配电盘间的电缆内芯线两端应对地加避雷器，作一级保护；在楼宇总配电盘至楼层配电箱间电缆内芯线两端应对地加装避雷器，作二级保护；在所有重要的、精密的设备以及</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">UPS</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的前端应对地加装避雷器，作为三级保护。目的是用分流（限幅）技术即采用高吸收能量的分流设备（避雷器）将雷电过电压（脉冲）能量分流泄入大地，达到保护目的，所以，分流（限幅）技术中采用防护器的品质、性能的好坏是直接关系网络防护的关键，因此，选择合格优良的避雷器至关重要。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></strong></font></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">信号部分保护：</span></strong><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对于信息系统，应分为粗保护和精细保护。粗保护量级根据所属保护区的级别确定，精细保护要根据电子设备的敏感度来进行确定。其主要考虑的如：卫星接收系统、电话系统、网络专线系统、监控系统等。建议在所有信息系统进入楼宇的电缆内芯线端，应对地加装避雷器，电缆中的空线对应接地，并做好屏蔽接地，其中应注意系统设备的在线电压、传输速率、按口类型等，以确保系统正常的工作。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">接地处理</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在计算机机房的建设中，一定要求有一个良好的接地系统，因所有防雷系统都需要通过接地系统把雷电流泄入大地，从而保护设备和人身安全。如果机房接地系统做得不好，不但会引起设备故障，烧坏元器件，严重的还将危害工作人员的生命安全。另外还有防干扰的屏蔽问题，防静电的问题都需要通过建立良好的接地系统来解决。一般整个建筑物的接地系统有：建筑物地网（与法拉第网相接）、电源地（要求地阻小于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">欧）、逻辑地（也称信号地）、防雷地等，有的（如</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">IBM</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）公司要求另设专用独立地，要求地阻小于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">欧（根据实际情况可能也会要求小于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">欧）。然而，各地必须独立时，如果相互之间距离达不到规范要求的话，则容易出现地电位反击事故，因此，各接地系统之间的距离达不到规范的要求时，应尽可能连接在一起，如实际情况不允许直接连接的，可通过地电位均衡器实现等到电位连接。为确保系统正常工作，应每年定期用精密地阻仪，检测地阻值。接地装置由接地极及一些附件、辅助材料组成。接地装置的选材和施工主要决定于土质结构，即土壤的地阻率</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">p</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。不同层土质结构不同，因而地阻率</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">p</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不同，为增加接地装置使用效率，应使用长效降阻剂。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有外部防雷措施同时更需要完善内部防雷措施</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们知道外部防雷措施中避雷设施的引下线在接闪以后，会有很大的瞬变电流通过，也就是说在周围会产生很大的瞬变电磁场（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">LEMP</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。因此，安装了外部避雷措施不能代替内部防雷措施。再者，我们都知道，避雷针的工作原理是引雷，所以在概率上来说，安装了避雷针以后，建筑物的避雷系统遭受雷击的可能性会增大，也就是说</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">LEMP</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">发生的几率会变大和产生点的距离会缩短（引下线处），所以安装了外部避雷措施的含有电脑网络等系统的大厦更加需要内部防雷措施。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346393.html</guid>
<subject>防雷产品</subject>
<author>zhaobang</author>
<category>防雷产品</category>
<pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2008 16:48:16 CST </pubDate>
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<title>防雷知识系列（二）－雷击闪电的特性</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346383.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷击闪电的特性</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.47"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1)</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电流的特性</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电破坏作用与峰值电流及其波形有最密切的关系。雷击的发生、雷电流大小与许多因数有关，其中主要的有地理位置、地质条件、季节和气象。其中气象情况有很大的随机性，因此研究雷电流大多数采取大量观测记录，用统计的方法寻找出它的概率分布的方法。根据资料表明，各次雷击闪电电流大小和波形差别很大。尤其是不同种类放电差别更大。为此有必要作如下说明。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由典型的雷雨云电荷分布可知，雷雨云下部带负电，而上部带正电。根据云层带电极性来定义雷电流的极性时，云层带正电荷对地放电称为正闪电，而云层带负电荷对地放电称为负闪电。正闪电时正电荷由云到地，为正值，负闪电时负电荷由云到地，故为负值。云层对地是否发生闪电，取决于云体的电荷量及对地高度或者说云地间的电场强度。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">云地间放电形成的先导是从云层内的电荷中心伸向地面。这叫做向下先导。其最大电场强度出现在云体的下边缘或地上高耸的物体顶端。雷电先导也可能是从接地体向云层推进的向上先导。因此，可以把闪分成四类，只沿着先导方向发生电荷中和的闪电叫无回击闪电。当发生先导放电之后还出现逆先导方向放电的现象，称为有回击闪电。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上面讲到一次雷击大多数分成</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次放电，一般是第一次放电的电流最大，正闪电的电流比负闪电的电流大。这可以从图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">典型的雷雨云中的电荷分布得到理解。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电流上升率数据对避雷保护问题极其重要，最大电流上升率出现在紧靠峰值电流之前。习惯上用电流波形起始时刻至幅值下降为半幅值的时间间隔来表征雷电流脉冲部分的波长。雷电流的大小与许多因素有关，各地区有很大区别，一般平原地区比山地雷电流大，正闪电比负闪电大，第一闪击比随后闪击大。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.55pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(2)</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">闪电的电荷量</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">闪电电荷是指一次闪电中正电荷与负电荷中和的数量。这个数量直接反映一次闪电放出的能量，也就是一次闪电的破坏力。闪电电荷的多少是由雷云带电情况决定的，所以它又与地理条件和气象情况有关，也存在很大的随机性。从大量观测数据表明，一次闪电放电电荷</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Q</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可从零点几库仑到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多库仑。然而在一次雷击中，在同一地区它们的数量分布符合概率的正态分布。第一次负闪击的放电量在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多库仑者居多。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一朵雷云是否会向大地发生闪击，由几个基本因素决定，其一是云层带电荷多少，其二是把云层与大地之间形成的电容模拟为平板电容时，它对大地的电容是多少。当然这个模拟电容两极之间的电压就是由电容和带电量决定的。当这个模拟电容内的电位梯度</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">du/dl</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">达到闪击值时就会发生闪击。当闪击一旦发生，云地之间即发生急剧的电荷中和。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电之所以破坏性很强，主要是因为它把雷云蕴藏的能量在短短的几十&mu;ｓ放出来，从瞬间功率来讲，它是巨大的。但据有关资料计算，每次闪击发出的能量只相当燃烧几千克石油所放出的能量而已。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.55pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(3)</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电波的频谱分析</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电波频谱是研究避雷的重要依据。从雷电波频谱结构可以获悉雷电波电压、电流的能量在各频段的分布，根据这些数据可以估算通信系统频带范围内雷电冲击的幅度和能量大小，进而确定避雷措施；在电力系统中，了解雷电波频谱分析在避雷工程中，也可以根据其分析结果，用最小的投资，达到足够安全的效果。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">虽然各种雷电波总体的轮廓相似，但是每一次雷电闪击的电流（电压）波形仍然存在很大的随机性。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷云向大地或雷云之间剧烈放电的现象称为闪击（这里以讨论前者为主），带负电荷的雷云向大地放电为负闪击，带正电荷的雷云向大地放电为正闪击，雷云对大地放电多为负闪击，其电流峰值以</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20~50KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">居多。正闪击比负闪击猛烈，其电流幅值往往在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">100KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上，我国黑龙江省近年曾发生过</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">300KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">正电荷闪击记录（通常</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">200KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上属少见）。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电活动及雷击的选择性</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.55pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(1)</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电活动及雷电活动日</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电活动从季节来讲以夏季最活跃，冬季最少，从地区分布来讲是赤道附近最活跃，随纬度升高而减少，极地最少。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">评价某一地区雷电活动的强弱，通常用两种方法。其中一种是习惯使用的&ldquo;雷电日&rdquo;</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，即以一年当中该地区有多少天发生耳朵能听到雷鸣来表示该地区的雷电活动强弱，雷电日的天数越多，表示该地区雷电活动越强，反之则越弱。我国平均雷电日的分布，大致可以划分为四个区域，西北地区一般</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日以下；长江以北大部分地区（包括东北）平均雷电日在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">15?0</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日之间；长江以南地区平均雷电日达</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">40</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日以上；北纬</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">23</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">&deg;以南地区平均雷电日达</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日。广东的雷州半岛地区及海南省，是我国雷电活动最剧烈的地区，年平均雷电日高达</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">120--130</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日。总的来说，我国是雷电活动很强的国家。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因为人们耳朵能听到的雷声，一般距离只能在</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="km" sourcevalue="15" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">15km</font></span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">左右，更远的雷声一般就听不到了，所以雷电日只能反映局部地区雷电活动情况。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">还有一些科学家认为用雷电日表征一个地区雷电活动不够准确，因为一天当中听到一次雷声就算一个雷电日，而一次当中听到</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次雷声也算一个雷电日，并且认为测试地区以</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1000k</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">㎡范围内发生的闪击次数来统计，这样就得出一种新的评价雷电活动的方法，叫雷闪频数。也就是说雷闪频数是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1000k</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">㎡内一年共发生的闪击数（也可以用每</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1k</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">㎡一年内雷击次数为单位）。显然以</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1000k</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">㎡作为一个地区单位来评价雷电活动的情况，对航空、航海、气象、通信等现代技术更为适合。然而它的测试方法只能借助于无线电，用耳朵来听是无能为力的。而对于建筑行业防雷，用雷电日单位己足够准确，并且大量观测统计资料表明，一个地区的雷闪频数与雷电话动日成线性关系，所以两种统计方法是没有矛盾的。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.55pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(2)</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷击的选择</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年平均雷电日这一数字只能给人们提供概略的情况。事实上，即使在同一地区内，雷电活动也有所不同，有些局部地区，雷击要比邻近地区多得多。如广州的沙河，北京的十三陵等地。我们称这些地方为该地区的&ldquo;雷击区&rdquo;</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷击区与地质结构有关。苏联</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">﹒</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">C</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">﹒斯捷柯里尼科夫（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">CTehojhkob</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）曾用模拟试验的研究方法证明，如果地面土壤电阻率的分布不均匀，则在电阻率特别小的地区，雷击的几率较大。这就是在同一区域内雷击分布还是不均匀的原因。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这种现象我们称之为&ldquo;雷击选择性&rdquo;</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。试验结果证明，雷击位置经常在土壤电阻率较小的土壤上，而电阻率较大的多岩石土壤被击中的机会很小。这是因为在雷电先驱放电阶段中，地中的电导电流主要是沿着电阻率较小的路径流通，使地面电阻率较小的区域被感应而积累了大量与雷云相反的异性电荷，雷电自然就朝这些地区发展。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根据</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。那林达（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Norinder</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,O.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">沙卡</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(Salka)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和上面提到的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">H.C.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">斯捷柯尼科夫的试验结果和实际调查资料证明：</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size="3">土壤电阻率较大的山区和平原，雷电选择性都比较明显；雷击经常发生在有金属矿床的地区、河岸、地下水出口处、山坡与稻田接壤的地上和具有不同电阻率土壤的交界地段。</font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在湖沼、低洼地区和地下水位高的地方也容易遭受雷击。此外地面上的设施情况，也是影响雷击选择性的重要因素。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当放电通道发展到离地面不远的空中时，电场受地面物体影响而发生畸变。如果地面上有一座较高的尖顶建筑物，例如一座很高的铁塔，由于这些建筑物的尖顶具有较大的电场强度，雷电先驱自然会被吸引向这些建筑物，这就是高耸突出的建筑物容易遭受雷击的缘故。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在旷野，即使建筑物并不高，但是由于它是比较孤立、突出，因此也比较容易遭受雷击。调查结果表明，在田野里供休息的凉亭、草棚、水车棚等遭受雷击的事故是很多的。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从烟囱冒出的热气柱和烟囱常含有大量导电微粒和游离分子气团，它们比一般空气易于导电，这就等于加高了烟囱的高度，这也是烟囱易于遭受雷击的原因之一。因此，在一支较高的烟囱附近，如果有一支较低的烟囱，在高烟囱不冒烟而低烟囱冒烟的情况下，雷电往往直接击在低烟囱上。所以在高低两条烟囱并排时，即使低烟囱在高烟囱雷电保护范围之内，但仍然要求两条烟囱都要装避雷装置。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">建筑的结构、内部设备情况和状态，对雷击选择性都有很大关系。金属结构的建筑物、内部有大型金属体的厂房，或者内部经常潮湿的房屋，如牲畜棚等，由于具有很好的导电性，都比较容易遭受雷击。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上面所谈到的这些雷电选择性，仅仅是一些常见的例子，很不全面，但它已经给我们提供了雷击选择性的资料，因而对防雷工作有重要的意义。据此我们可以决定哪些地区、哪些建筑物应该加避雷装置，而另一些地区、建筑物在防雷投资上可以少花一些或甚至不必花费投资。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在同一区域内雷击分布不均匀的现象，我们称之为&ldquo;雷击选择性&rdquo;。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷灾事故的历史资料统计和实验研究证明，雷击的地点以及遭受雷击的部位是有一定规律的，因此掌握这些规律对预防雷击有很重要的意义。同一区域容易遭受雷击的地点和部位有：</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">易遭雷击的地点：</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">土壤电阻率较小的地方，如有金属矿床的地区、河岸、地下水出口处、湖沼、低洼地区和地下水位高的地方；</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">山坡与稻田接壤处；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">具有不同电阻率土壤的交界地段。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">易遭受雷击的建（构）筑物：</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">高耸突出的建筑物，如水塔、电视塔、高楼等；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">排出导电尘埃、废气热气柱的厂房、管道等；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">内部有大量金属设备的厂房；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地下水位高或有金属矿床等地区的建（构）筑物；</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">孤立、突出在旷野的建（构）筑物。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">同一建（构）筑物易遭受雷击的部位：</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">平屋面和坡度&le;</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1/10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的屋面，檐角、女儿墙和屋檐；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">坡屋度＞</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1/10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">且＜</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1/2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的屋面；屋角、屋脊、檐角和屋檐；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">坡度＞</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1/2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的屋面、屋角、屋脊和檐角；</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">建（构）筑物屋面突出部位，如烟囱、管道、广告牌等。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电的破坏作用</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当人类社会进入电子信息时代后，雷灾出现特点与以往有极大的不同，可以概括为：</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）受灾面大大扩大，从电力、建筑这两个传统领域扩展到几乎所有行业，特点是与高新技术关系最密切的领域，如航天、航空、国防邮电通信、计算机、电子工业、石油化工、金融证券等；</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）从二维空间入侵变为三维空间入侵。从闪电直击和过电压波沿线传输变为空间闪电的脉冲电磁场从三维空间入侵到任何角落，无空不入地造成灾害，因而防雷工程已从防直击雷、感应雷进入防雷电电磁脉冲（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">LEMP</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。前面是指雷电的受灾行业面扩大了，这儿指雷电灾害的空间范围扩大了。例如二</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">000</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年七月二十五日</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">14</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">40</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分左右，一次闪电造成漕宝路桂菁路附近二家单位同时受到雷灾，而不是以往的一次闪电只是一个建筑物受损。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）雷灾的经济损失和危害程度大大增加了，它袭击的对象本身的直接经济损失有时并不太大，而由此产生的间接经济损失和影响就难以估计。例如一九九九年八月二十七日凌晨</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点，某寻呼台遭受雷击，导致该台中断寻呼数小时，其直接损失是有限的，但间接损失将大大超过直接损失。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）产生上述特点的根本原因，也就是关键性的特点是雷灾的主要对象已集中在微电子器件设备上。雷电的本身并没有变，而是科学技术的发展，使得人类社会的生产生活状况变了。微电子技术的应用渗透到各种生产和生活领域，微电子器件极端灵敏，这一特点很容易受到无孔不入的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">LEMP</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的作用，造成微电子设备的失控或者损坏。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为此，当今时代的防雷工作的重要性、迫切性、复杂性大大增加了，雷电的防御已从直击雷防护到系统防护，我们必须站到历史时代的新高度来认识和研究现代防雷技术，提高人类对雷灾防御的综合能力。</span></font></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346383.html</guid>
<subject>防雷产品</subject>
<author>zhaobang</author>
<category>防雷产品</category>
<pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2008 16:46:03 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>防雷知识系列（一）－雷电基本理论</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346376.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电基本理论</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">人们通过模拟地球原始大气在密室中进行放电的实验，结果由无机物合成了</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种氨基酸。这些物质的出现，是生命起源的基础，因此，一些生命起源学说认为，是雷电孕育了地球上的生命。同理，地球上空有一层电离层，它是由带正电荷的粒子组成，该电离层起着防止太阳和宇宙空间各种有杀害生命作用的射线进入地面，保护地球上的生命，如果没有这电离层，即使地球上本来已经有的生命，也会被来自太空的各种射线杀死，地球不可能出现现在的繁荣和文明。但是电离层的正电荷以平均约</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="a" sourcevalue="1800" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1800A</font></span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的电流强度向大地放电，可想而知，如果得不到补充，电离层的电荷恨快便会放尽。由于雷电不断补充电离层放电失去的电荷，保持电离层总电荷量大体平衡，使这层生命的保护屏障得以保存，使地球上的生命不致被宇宙射线灭绝。因此，可以说，是雷电促使地球成为文明的星球。从这个角度来讲，人类有今天的文明应该感谢雷电。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由于雷击会给人类带来灾害，因此，人类很早就与雷害进行斗争。其中取得卓越成就的有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪中叶著名科学家富兰克林（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Franklin</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">M</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">&middot;</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">&middot;罗蒙诺索夫（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">JIOMOHOCOB</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">L</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">&middot;</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">&middot;黎赫曼（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">PHXMAH</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。他们通过大量实验建立了雷电学说，认为雷击是云层中大量阴电荷和阳电荷迅速中和而产生的现象；并且创立了避雷理论，发明了避雷针。他们取得的这些科学成就，已为人类作出了重大的贡献。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我国古籍中，有关雷电理论和避雷实践的记载十分丰富。例如东周时《庄子》上记述：&ldquo;阴阳分争故为电，阳阴交争故为雷，阴阳错行，天地大骇，于是有雷、有霆。&rdquo;这些学说与现代的雷电学说是如此相似，不过它比现代雷电学说要早</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2000</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多年。在古籍中关于建筑工程中避雷的记载也十分丰富。南北朝的孟奥《北征记》中有如下记述：&ldquo;凌云台南角一百步，有白石室，名避雷室。&rdquo;又有盛弦之《荆州记》中记述：&ldquo;湖阳县春秋蓼国，樊重之邑了，重母畏雷，为立石室，以避之，悉之文石为阶砌，至今犹存。&rdquo;书中谈及的白石、文石，据分析应该属于绝缘性能较好的石块。至于宋、元、明、清代的建筑物多用&ldquo;雷公柱&rdquo;（宋代称枨杆）等措施以避雷。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在古籍中有关雷击的事故的记述就更多了，例如：</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">续晋阳春秋》：&ldquo;太元五年，霹雳含殿四柱，杀内侍二人。&rdquo;</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《晋安帝记》：&ldquo;义熙三年六月，震太庙鸱尾，彻壁柱，若有文字。&rdquo;</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《晋中兴书征祥说》：&ldquo;元兴三年，永安王皇后至住巴防，将设威仪入宫，天大雷震，人马多死。&rdquo;</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《沈括&middot;梦溪笔谈》：&ldquo;内侍李舜举家为暴所震，其堂之西屋雷火自窗间出，赫然出檐。人以为堂屋已焚，皆出避之。及雷止，其舍宛然，墙壁窗纸皆默。有一木格，其中杂贮诸器，其漆器银铝者，银悉容流在地，漆器不燃灼。有一宝刀，极坚刚，就刀室中容为汁。而室亦俨然。人必谓：当先焚草木，然后流金石，今乃金石皆烁而草木无一毁者，非人情所测。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《齐书&middot;五行志》：&ldquo;永元三年正月，豫章郡，天火烧三千余家。&rdquo;该天火，到底是一般雷击，还是球形雷？未加考证。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上只是我国古籍关于雷记载中的点滴摘录，当然它与现代雷电理论和避雷技术相比还有差距，但是从历史观点来看，我们的祖先能够在那么早的年代里就创造出那样完整的雷电理论，并且在技术上得到应用，这是我们民族光辉灿烂文化历史的一页。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电的成因</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通常所谓雷击是指一部分带电的云层与另一部分带异种电荷的云层，或者是带电的云层对大地之间迅猛的放电。这种迅猛的放电过程产生强烈的闪电并伴随巨大的声音。当然，云层之间的放电主要对飞行器有危害，对地面上的建筑物和人、畜没有很大影响。然而，云层对大地的放电，则对建筑物、电子电气设备和人、畜危害甚大，这是我们研究的主要对象。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通常雷击有三种主要形式：其一是带电的云层与大地上某一点之间发生迅猛的放电现象，叫做&ldquo;直击雷&rdquo;。其二是带电云层由于静电感应作用，使地面某一范围带上异种电荷。当直击雷发生以后，云层带电迅速消失，而地面某些范围由于散流电阻大，以致出现局部高电压，或者由于直击雷放电过程中，强大的脉冲电流对周围的导线或金属物产生电磁感应发生高电压以致发生闪击的现象，叫做&ldquo;二次雷&rdquo;或称&ldquo;感应雷&rdquo;。其三是&ldquo;球形雷&rdquo;，将在后面另详细说明。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>(1)</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷云的形成</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不管是直击雷还是感应雷都与带电的云层存在分不开，带电的云层称为雷云。有关雷云形成的假说很多，但至今尚未有一种被公认为无懈可击的完整学说，这里我们介绍其中被认为比较完善并经常被推荐的假说。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根据大量科学测试可知，地球本身就是一个电容器，通常大了稳定地带负电荷</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">C</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">左右，而地球上空存在一个带正电的电离层，这两者之间便形成一个已充电的电容器，它们之间的电压为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">300KV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">左右，并且场强为上正下负。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当地面含水蒸气的空气受到炽热的地面烘烤受热而上升，或者较温暖的潮湿空气与冷空气相遇而被垫高都会产生向上的气流。这些含水蒸气的上升时温度逐渐下降形成雨滴、冰雹（称为水成物），这些水成物在地球静电场的作用下被极化</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">负电荷在上，正电荷在下，它们在重力作用下落下的速度比云滴和冰晶（这二者称为云粒子）要大，因此极化水成物在下落过程中要与云粒子发生碰撞。碰撞的结果是其中一部分云粒子被水成物所捕获，增大了水成物的体积，另一部分未被捕获的被反弹回去。而反弹回去的云粒子带走水成物前端的部分正电荷，使水成物带上负电荷。由于水成物下降的速度快，而云粒子下降的速度慢，因此带正、负两种电荷的微粒逐渐分离（这叫重力分离作用），如果遇到上升气流，云粒子不断上升，分离的作用更加明显。最后形成带正电的云粒子在云的上部，而带负电的水成物在云的下部，或者带负电的水成物以雨或雹的形式下降到地面。当下面所讲的带电云层一经形成，就形成雷云空间电场，空间电场的方向和地面与电离层之间的电场方向是一致的，都是上正下负，因而加强了大气的电场强度，使大气中水成物的极化更厉害，在上升气流存在在情况下更加剧重力分离作用，使雷云发展得更快。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从上面的分析，好像雷云总是上层带正电荷，下层带负电荷。实际上气流并不单是只有上下移动，而比这种运动更为复杂。因此雷云电荷的分布也比上面讲的要复杂得多。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">科学工作者的测试结果表明，大地被雷击时，多数是负电荷从雷云向大地放电，少数是雷云上的正电荷向大地放电；在一块雷云发生的多次雷击中，最后一次雷击往往是雷云上的正电荷向大地放电。从观测证明，发生正电荷向大地放电的雷击显得特别猛烈。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上面的假说首先是由威尔逊（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">Wilson</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）提出的，通常把它叫做威尔逊假说。另外，广州有位唐山樵先生对雷云的形成提出了如下的假说：</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电的出现是与气流、风速密切相关的，而且与地球磁场也有一定的联系。雷雨云内部的不停运动和相互磨擦而使雷雨云产生大量的正、负电荷的小微粒，即所谓的摩擦生电。这样，庞大的雷雨云就相当于一块带有大量正、负电荷的云块，而这些正、负电荷不断地产生，同时也在不断地的复合，当这些云块在水平方向向东或向西迅速移动时（最大风速可达</span><font face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="m" sourcevalue="40" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">40m</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">/s</span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），它与地球磁场磁力线产生切割，这就好像导体切割磁力线产生电流一样，云中的正、负电荷将产生定向移动，其移动的方向可按右手定则来判断。若云块是由西向东移动，而地磁场磁力线则是由地球南极指向地球的北极，因此大量的正电荷向上移动，负电荷向下移动，这样云的下部将积聚越来越多的负电，而云的上部积聚大量的正电，当电场强度达到足够高（</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">25</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">30KV/cm</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）时将引起雷云间的强烈放电，或是雷云中的内部放电，或是雷云对地放电，即所谓的雷电。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">综上所述，雷电的成因仍为摩擦生电及云块切割磁力线，把不同电荷进一步分离。由此可见，雷电的成因或者说主要能源来自于大气的运动，没有这些运动，是不会有雷电的。这也说明了为什么雷电总伴随着狂风骤雨而出现。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.55pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(2)</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电离层与地面间的电荷平衡</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上面说过，地球是一个表面带负电荷的球体，并且它所带的负电荷量长期稳定在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">&times;</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="C" sourcevalue="105" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">105C</font></span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">水平，而在地球上空的电离层上则带有相等的正电荷，使电离层与地面之间的电压约</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">300KV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。因而在电离层与地面之间存在一个电场，晴天时在地面附件的电场强度为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">120V/m</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。即使在晴天时，大气中总有一些空气分子被电离。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在电场的作用下造成放电电流。根据观测和计算的结果表明，全地球该放电电流强度为</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="a" sourcevalue="1800" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1800A</font></span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，如果长期如此，电离层与地面之间的电荷将很快放电完毕；然而事实上，它们之间大致长期保持恒定的电量和电压，这主要由于雷暴的形成和雷击，把正电荷从大地送回到电离层，起到对电离的正电荷充电的作用。根据卫星观测资料及电学观测资料估计，在任何一时刻全地球表面上连续发生着大约</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个雷暴，从而使电离层与大地之间的电场保持稳定。</span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.55pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(3)</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">尖端放电与雷击</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由物理学可知，通常物体内部的正电荷和负电荷是相等的，所以从整体来看不显示带电现象，当某一物体所具有的正、负电荷不相等时，这个物体就显示带电的特性，当物体内部的正电荷多于负电荷，物体带正电，反之带负电。由于电荷都有异性相吸、同性相斥的特性，所以带电物体中的同性电荷总是受到互相排斥的电场力作用。以一个如图</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">那样的带尖锋的金属球为例，假如金属球带上负电（同理也可以解释带上正电），由于电荷同性相斥的作用，电子总是分布到金属球的最外层表面，并且有&ldquo;逃离&rdquo;金属球表面的趋势。球带尖锋部分的电子受到同性电荷往外排斥力最强，故最容易被排斥离开金属球，这就是通常说的&ldquo;尖端放电&rdquo;。此外当带电物体周围的空气越潮湿或带有与带电体相反电荷的离子时，带电体也越易放电。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当天空中有雷云的时候，因雷云带有大量电荷，由于静电感应作用，雷云下方的地面和地面上的物体都带上与雷云相反的电荷。雷云与其下方的地面就成为一个已充电的电容器，当雷云与地面之间的电压高到一定的时候，地面上突出的物体比较明显地放电。同时，天空带电的雷云在电场的作用下，少数带电的云粒（或水成物）也向地面靠拢，这些少数带电微粒的靠拢，叫做先驱注流，又叫电流先导。先驱注流的延续将形成电离的微弱导通，这一阶段称为先驱放电。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">开始产生的先驱放电是不连续的，是一个一个脉冲地相继向前发展。它发展的平均速度为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">105</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</span><font face="Times New Roman"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="m" sourcevalue="106" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">106m</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">/s</span></font><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">各脉冲间隔约</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">90us</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，每阶段推进约</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="m" sourcevalue="50" hasspace="True" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">50 m</font></span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。先驱放电常常表现为分枝状，这是由于放电是沿着空气电离最强、最容易导电的路径发展的。这些分枝状的先驱放电通常只有一条放电分支达到大地。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当先驱放电到达大地，或与大地放电迎面会合以后，就开始主放阶段，这就是雷击。在主放电中雷云与大地之间所聚集的大量电荷，通过先驱放电所开辟的狭小电离通道发生猛烈的电荷中和，放出能量，以至发出强烈的闪光和震耳的轰鸣。在雷击中，雷击点有巨大的电流流过。大多数雷电流峰值为几十</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，也有少数上百</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以至几百</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">KA</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的。雷电流峰值的大小与土壤电阻率的大小成减函数关系，即土壤电阻率高，则雷电流峰值小；土壤电阻率低，、则雷电流峰值大。</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷电流大多数是重复的，通常一次雷电包括</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次放电。重复放电都是沿着第一次放电通路发展的。雷电之所以重复发生，是由于雷云非常之大，它各部分密度不完相同，导电性能也不一样，所以它所包含的电荷不能一次放完，第一次放电是由雷云最低层发出的，随后放电是从较高云层、或相邻区发出的。一次放电全部时间可达十分之几秒。</span></font></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346376.html</guid>
<subject>防雷产品</subject>
<author>zhaobang</author>
<category>防雷产品</category>
<pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2008 16:44:24 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>10kV架空线路的常见事故及原因分析</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346363.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路的特点是配网线路多、供电半径长、全部为放射式供电线路。经过近年来的配网改造，抗台风及防雷能力得到增强，但</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路事故仍时有发生，本文就</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路的常发事故进行分析，并对</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路的反事故措施进行探讨，以求提高</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路的安全运行水平。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路的常见事故及原因分析</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根据运行经验，</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路的常见事故有如下几种：</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷击事故</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">雷击</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路事故有很多种，有绝缘子击穿或爆裂、断线、配变烧毁等。雷击事故，固然与雷击线路这客观原因有较大关系，而设备缺陷也有莫大关系，分析其设备原因主要有：</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">绝缘子质量不过关。尤其是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">－</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">－</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">针式绝缘子质量存在缺陷，近一、两年来，本地区频频发生雷击针式绝缘子爆裂事故，引起</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路接地或相间短路；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路防雷措施不足。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1998</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年底开始，很多地区的配电变压器都更换了氧化锌避雷器，但一些较长的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路却没有安装线路型氧化锌避雷器；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(3)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">导线连接器接触不良。很多地区以前都习惯使用并沟线夹作为</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路的连接器，甚至连并沟线夹都不用而缠绕接线，并沟线夹连接或缠绕接线都不是导线的最佳连接，导线连接不良，会经受不住强大雷击电流的冲击；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(4)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">避雷器接地装置不合格。不合格的接地装置，接地电阻大于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">欧，卸流能力低，雷击电流不能快速流入大地。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">暴风吹倒杆塔事故</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按最大设计风速</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="25" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">25</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">米</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">秒设计的杆塔，刮</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级以下暴风，杆塔是没问题的，暴风刮倒杆塔的原因主要有：</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1)10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路及杆塔没有按设计要求施工，杆塔基础不牢固或埋设不够深；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">暴风风速超过最大设计风速。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级台风的风速为</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="25" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">25</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">米</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">秒，</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级台风的风速为</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="30" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">米</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">秒，</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级台风的风速为</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="33" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">33</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">米</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">秒。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">外力破坏事故</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">外力破坏亦是</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路的多发事故之一，这类事故，根据破坏形式可分为：</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">车辆碰撞触引起</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路倒杆</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">塔</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">风筝碰触引起</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路相间短路速断跳闸；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(3)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">铁塔的塔材、金具被盗引起杆塔倾斜或倒杆</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">塔</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(4)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">杆塔基础或拉线基础被掏空、破坏，引起倒杆</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">塔</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(5)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">违章建筑的工具或材料碰触导线引起相间短路速断跳闸。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路过载运行或导线连接器接触不良引起发热、断线事故。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路设备残旧，使用年限长，设备存在缺陷，引发相关事故。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上分析的是一些常见的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路事故，这些事故，对线路的危害极大，给当地工农业生产造成较大的损失，给当地居民生活带来不便。下面就如何减少</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路的事故，保障线路安全运行谈谈反事故措施。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、反事故措施</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></font></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">防雷击反事故措施</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">更换、安装支柱式绝缘子或瓷横担。雷击</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路针式绝缘子事故，是最多见的设备事故，造成这类事故的原因除了本地区雷暴日多之外，针式绝缘子质量不过关也是主要原因，前几年我们采用和安装的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P-15</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P-20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">单裙、双裙及多裙针式绝缘子，经运行证明，该产品质量低劣，耐雷水平低，可以将这类绝缘子更换为支柱式绝缘子或瓷横担，新架</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路亦应选用支柱式绝缘子或瓷横担，运行经验证明，支柱式绝缘子和瓷横担的耐雷水平及产品质量比</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">－</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">P20</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">针式绝缘子好得多；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">安装氧化锌避雷器。在空旷的地区，由于没有高大建筑物引雷，雷直击线路是常有的事，所以宜在空旷的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路上安装线路型氧化锌避雷器，新安装的配网设备如配变、柱上开关、电缆头等也必须安装氧化锌避雷器，以加强对</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路及设备的防雷保护；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(3)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">选用安普线夹。在今后的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路改造和检修中，逐步淘汰并沟线夹作导线连接器，并严禁不用线夹而缠绕接线，应选用连接性能较好的安普线夹；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(4)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">检查、整改接地装置。定期检查测量</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路上接地装置的接地电阻，不合格的给予整改，保证接地电阻值不大于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">欧。新安装的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路接地装置接地电阻也不宜大于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">欧，与</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以下设备共用的接地装置接地电阻不大于</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">欧。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">防止暴风所造成的事故</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路杆塔应定期进行检查，制定完善的检查制度，对不够牢固的杆塔及时进行加固基础或增加拉线。新立杆塔应严格按设计要求施工；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">适当提高最大设计风速，华南地区可以按</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="30" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">米</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">秒最大风速设计。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">防外力破坏措施。根据上面提到的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路外力破坏事故类型及原因，采用如下措施：</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(1)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为杜绝或减少车辆碰撞杆塔事故，可以在交通道路边的杆塔上涂上醒目的反光漆，以引起车辆驾驶员的注意；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">加强对中小学生的宣传教育，在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路旁设置醒目的禁止警示牌，禁止在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路两旁</span><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" unitname="m" sourcevalue="300" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">300m</font></span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">范围内放风筝；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(3)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">加强打击破坏盗窃</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路塔材及金具的力度，力求得到当地公安、治保部门的配合，制定有效的措施和具体防范方案，设置专门部门负责实施，对破坏、盗窃</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电力设施的破坏分子进行严厉的打击；</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">(4)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">运行部门定期巡视检查</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路的杆塔基础、拉线基础和违章建筑物，对掏空的杆塔基础、拉线基础进行及时维修，对存在缺陷的设备及时处理和检修，对违章建筑物进行清理整顿。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">技术运行部门应密切注意各</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">馈线的负荷情况，及时调整割接各馈线的负荷，严禁线路超载运行。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在负荷高峰期运用红外线测温仪测量导线连接器的温度，一旦温度异常，立即进行处理，避免高温熔断导线。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对电杆驳接口、铁塔、配变台架进行周期除锈上油，加强杆塔及金具的防护，提高</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路的安全运行水平。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">7.</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路上安装短路故障指示器，即使</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">线路发生短路故障，也能快速查出故障点及时排除，降低事故损失。</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10kV</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">架空线路的安全运行水平直接影响电力企业的经济效益，是与用电客户密切相关的事情，电力企业除采取相应的技术和管理措施防止事故的发生和及时消除缺陷外，还应积极发挥当地政府、传媒和广大群众的作用，加大宣传、查处和打击力度，起到群防群管的作用，减少事故的发生，确保电网安全运行，更好地为当地经济建设服务。</span></font></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1346363.html</guid>
<subject>防雷产品</subject>
<author>zhaobang</author>
<category>防雷产品</category>
<pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2008 16:41:58 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>HY5WBG-17/50（配变用）、HY5WDG-17/50（电缆头用）型避雷器装置</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1321709.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">HY5WBG-17/50</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">（配变用）、<span lang="EN-US">HY5WDG-17/50</span>（电缆头用）型避雷器装置<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font size="3">一、概述<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">近年来，城网电缆化的进程虽然较快，然而受制于经济因素，上海等地<span lang="EN-US">10KV</span>配电系统目前仍采用架空线路和电缆混合方式，即其干线采用架空线路，电站进出线和用户进线采用电缆。在以往电缆登杆装置主要由熔丝、避雷器和电缆头组成，接线分别由避雷器和电缆头引至熔丝下桩头。该装置在施工时线路与电缆不易控制，施工检修人员和<span lang="EN-US">10KV</span>有电部分距离较近。为此，上海供电部门对上述装置进行了改进，在熔丝引下线和电缆桩头间安装了一块铜质接线板，接线板固定在支持绝缘子上，引下线一端直接压接在接线板上，另一端压接在一个接线耳与熔丝下桩头连接，电缆尾线连接在接线板的线夹上，这就有效地增加了施工、抢修人员与<span lang="EN-US">10KV</span>有电部分的安全距离，然而此装置元件过多。若开发一种具有支柱功能的新型避雷器，则能达到简化装置，进一步增加安全的目的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">根据上海市科委下达的重点科技攻关项目，本产品与上海市南供电局等单位共同协作研发了一种具有支柱功能的合成外套氧化锌避雷器。该型避雷器采用合成外套作为外绝缘并采用树脂构成一种特殊的加强结构，使其具有良好的抗弯曲强度。该产品经上海市科学技术情报研究院查新检索说明这种集常规避雷器和绝缘子二者功能为一体，具有复合功能的结构形式和新颖避雷器总体上达到国际先进水平。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="黑体"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">HY5WDG-17/50</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">型避雷装置：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:connecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" style="WIDTH: 180pt; HEIGHT: 122.25pt" type="#_x0000_t75" wrapcoords="-91 0 -91 21528 21600 21528 21600 0 -91 0"><v:imagedata cropbottom="3377f" croptop="994f" o:title="HY5WDG-17-50电缆头用" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\10\clip_image001.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape><font face="黑体"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" style="WIDTH: 189pt; HEIGHT: 110.25pt" type="#_x0000_t75" wrapcoords="-88 0 -88 21529 21600 21529 21600 0 -88 0"><v:imagedata cropbottom="3391f" croptop="2588f" o:title="HY5WDG-17-50电缆头用-1" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\10\clip_image003.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="黑体"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">HY5WBG-17/50</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">型避雷装置：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" style="WIDTH: 180.75pt; HEIGHT: 122.25pt; rotation: 180" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata cropbottom="8953f" croptop="-493f" o:title="CIMG1294" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\10\clip_image005.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape><font face="黑体"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" style="WIDTH: 179.25pt; HEIGHT: 120pt; rotation: 180" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata cropbottom="8953f" croptop="8830f" o:title="CIMG1295" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\10\clip_image007.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape></font></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="黑体"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">HY5WBG-17/50T</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">型配变用避雷器装置<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></font></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" style="WIDTH: 180.75pt; HEIGHT: 109.5pt; rotation: 180" type="#_x0000_t75" wrapcoords="-72 0 -72 21505 21600 21505 21600 0 -72 0"><v:imagedata cropbottom="8526f" croptop="11903f" o:title="CIMG1297" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\10\clip_image009.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape><font face="黑体"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" style="WIDTH: 177.75pt; HEIGHT: 109.5pt" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata cropbottom="11344f" croptop="8348f" o:title="CIMG1304" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\10\clip_image011.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape></font></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size="3"><font face="黑体"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">HY5WDG-17/50T</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">型电缆用避雷器装置</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></span></font></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">四、主要技术参数<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable" style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; MARGIN: auto 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-left: left; mso-table-top: 7.4pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" border="1">
    <tbody>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 52.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 81.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 52.95pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="109">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">型<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span></span>号<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 52.95pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">避雷器额定电压<span lang="EN-US">KV</span>（有效值）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 52.95pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">系统标称<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">电压<span lang="EN-US">KV</span>（有效值）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 52.95pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">避雷器持续运行<span lang="EN-US">KV</span>（有效值）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 63pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 52.95pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="84">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">直流<span lang="EN-US">1mA</span>参考电压不小于<span lang="EN-US">KV</span>（有效值）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 72pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 52.95pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="96">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">雷击冲击电流残压不大于<span lang="EN-US">KV</span>（有效值）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 52.95pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">电流冲击<span lang="EN-US">2ms</span>方波电流<span lang="EN-US">A</span>（峰值）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 63pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 52.95pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="84">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">大电流压力释放预期对称电流<span lang="EN-US">KA</span>（峰值）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 52.95pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="49">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">抗弯强度<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">N<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 20.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 81.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.9pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="109">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">HY5WBG-17/50<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.9pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.9pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">12<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.9pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">13.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 63pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.9pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="84">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 72pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.9pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="96">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">50.0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.9pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">100<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 63pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.9pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="84">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 20.9pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="49">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&gt;1000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 81.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="109">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">HY5WDG-17/50<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">12<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">13.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 63pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="84">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 72pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="96">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">50.0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">100<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 63pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="84">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="49">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&gt;1000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 81.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="109">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">HY5WBG-17/50-T<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">12<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">13.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 63pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="84">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 72pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="96">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">50.0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">100<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 63pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="84">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="49">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&gt;1000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 81.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="109">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">HY5WDG-17/50-T<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">12<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">13.6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 63pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="84">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 72pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="96">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">50.0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 54pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="72">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">100<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 63pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="84">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">25<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.55pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt" width="49">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-top: 7.4pt; mso-height-rule: exactly" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">&gt;1000<o:p></o:p></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">五、产品特点<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 15.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -15.4pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.71"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">．避雷器的芯体和外套，通过模压成型，使其成为无空腔的密实整体，消除了呼吸作用引起的吸潮，从根本上杜绝了避雷器芯片受潮导致的事故；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">．避雷器内部采用特殊的加强结构，使其具有良好的机械性能，可以兼作绝缘子；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 15.4pt; TEXT-INDENT: -15.4pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.71"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">．避雷器的合成外套用硅橡胶材料制成，使其抗污秽性能强并具有良好的防爆性能，另外，重量轻，使用寿命长；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">．避雷器均是按耐<span lang="EN-US">Ⅲ</span>级重污秽设计和生产的，其绝缘外套的最小爬电比距为<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="25" unitname="mm"><span lang="EN-US">25mm</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">/KV</span>，爬电距离为<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="320" unitname="mm"><span lang="EN-US">320mm</span></st1:chmetcnv>；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">．避雷器总体结构进行了优化设计，具有组合功能。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">（<span lang="EN-US">1</span>）兼有接地梗，可满足验电、接地需求，可简化杆塔装置。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">（<span lang="EN-US">2</span>）特殊的加强结构，使其具有良好的机械性能，可兼作支柱绝缘子。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">（<span lang="EN-US">3</span>）连接端子排可分段电缆故障，缩小停电范围，具有刀闸的分断功能。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 9pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">（<span lang="EN-US">4</span>）本避雷器采用全绝缘设计，可有效的避免外力破坏等事故的发生。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">六、用户安装使用示意图<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">1.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">环境温度：不高于<span lang="EN-US">+40</span>摄氏度，不低于<span lang="EN-US">-40</span>摄氏度<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">2.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">海拔：不超过<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="100" unitname="m"><span lang="EN-US">100m</span></st1:chmetcnv>；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">3.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">风速：不超过<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" tcsc="0" numbertype="1" negative="False" hasspace="False" sourcevalue="35" unitname="m"><span lang="EN-US">35m</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US">/s<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">4.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">污秽等级：<span lang="EN-US">III</span>级<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">5.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">无易燃、易爆及剧烈振动的场所。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1035" style="WIDTH: 455.25pt; HEIGHT: 450.75pt" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata cropbottom="3861f" croptop="-378f" o:title="Image00014" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\10\clip_image017.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="WIDTH: 207pt; HEIGHT: 127.5pt" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="HY5WDG-17-50安装示意图" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\10\clip_image019.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" style="WIDTH: 203.25pt; HEIGHT: 129.75pt" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="HY5WBG-17-50安装示意图" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\10\clip_image021.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">HY5WDG-17/50</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">型避雷器装置安装图<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>HY5WBG-17/50</span>型避雷器装置安装<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">七、包装与储存<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">．产品每<span lang="EN-US">3</span>只为一组，装在一个包装箱中，箱内应有产品合格证。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">．产品储存时应放在干燥、空气流通的仓库中。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">八、用户订货须知<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">订货时应说明产品型号（如<span lang="EN-US">B</span>或<span lang="EN-US">D</span>、<span lang="EN-US">T</span>）、名称、数量等。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</span></span></strong></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033" style="WIDTH: 189pt; HEIGHT: 121.5pt" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="CIMG1300" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\10\clip_image013.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034" style="WIDTH: 171pt; HEIGHT: 121.5pt; rotation: 180" type="#_x0000_t75" wrapcoords="-71 0 -71 21504 21600 21504 21600 0 -71 0"><v:imagedata o:title="CIMG1301" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\10\clip_image015.jpg"></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></font></span>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1321709.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>zhaobang</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2008 15:36:45 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>FHJ型穿刺式防弧金具</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1321702.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">FHJ</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">型穿刺式防弧金具<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font size="3">一、产品简介<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20.8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.98"><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">随着电力的线路改造绝缘化，传统的设计，由于绝缘线路有先天不足的耐雷水平，难以承受直接雷或感应雷的作用，雷击断线已经成为电力面临的又一个难题。目前上海，浙江，福建，江苏等地采用<span lang="EN-US">FEG-10</span>型防雷支柱代替老式的<span lang="EN-US">P15</span>等支柱<span lang="EN-US">(</span>见图<span lang="EN-US">4)</span>。但是已安装的线路要更换支柱相对较费工料。穿刺式防雷金具的出现，解决了这一难题，它具有安装简便（无需剥除绝缘层）。其原理为：将该金具安装在线路绝缘子附近的绝缘导线上，当雷电过电压超过一定数值时，在防雷金具的穿刺电极和接地电极之间引起闪絡，形成短路通道，接续的工频电弧便在防雷金具上燃烧，以保护导线免于烧伤。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20.8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 1.98"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #000066; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3"><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" coordsize="21600,21600"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:connecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="WIDTH: 447pt; HEIGHT: 103.5pt" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="10" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\09\clip_image001.jpg" chromakey="white"></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 47.2pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 4.48"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="COLOR: #000066; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">绝缘护罩<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>接地板<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span>防弧金具</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 5pt 0cm; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="left"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">穿刺型防雷金具，由穿刺电极、接地电极和绝缘罩三部分组成。其中，穿刺电极外形、尺寸如示图<span lang="EN-US">5</span>和表<span lang="EN-US">1</span>所示。<span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 5pt 0cm; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">表<span lang="EN-US">1</span>防雷金具的外形尺寸（<span lang="EN-US">mm</span>）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<div align="center">
<table style="MARGIN: auto auto auto 27.5pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" class="MsoNormalTable">
    <tbody>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 14.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; page-break-inside: avoid">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 63pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="84" rowspan="2">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">型号<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 60.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="80" rowspan="2">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">导线截面积<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">mm<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 57.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="77" rowspan="2">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">导体直径<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 90.8pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="121" colspan="2">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">绝缘层外径<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48" rowspan="2">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 6pt 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">d<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48" rowspan="2">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 6pt 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">h<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 43.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="58" rowspan="2">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 6pt 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">h1<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="49" rowspan="2">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 6pt 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">h2<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 38pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 14.25pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="51" rowspan="2">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 6pt 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">L<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">薄型<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 12.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">普通型<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 63pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="84" rowspan="3">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">FHJ-70-120<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 60.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="80">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">70<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 57.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="77">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">10.0<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">15.0<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">17.8<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">75<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">50.5<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 43.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="58">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">82<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="49">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">38<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 38pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="51">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">128<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 60.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="80">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">95<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 57.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="77">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">11.6<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">16.6<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">19.6<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">75<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">50.5<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 43.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="58">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">82<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="49">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">38<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 38pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="51">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">128<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 60.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="80">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">120<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 57.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="77">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">13.0<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">18.0<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">21.0<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">75<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">50.5<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 43.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="58">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">82<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="49">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">38<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 38pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="51">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">128<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 63pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="84" rowspan="3">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">FHJ-150-240<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 60.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="80">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">150<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 57.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="77">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">14.6<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">19.6<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">22.6<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">75<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">55.5<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 43.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="58">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">82<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="49">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">38<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 38pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 13.5pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="51">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">128<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 60.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="80">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">185<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 57.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="77">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">16.2<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">21.2<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">24.2<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">75<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">55.5<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 43.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="58">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">82<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="49">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">38<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 38pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="51">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">128<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 60.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="80">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">240<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 57.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="77">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">18.4<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">23.4<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 45.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="61">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">26.4<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">75<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.3pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="48">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">55.5<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 43.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="58">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">82<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 0cm; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 0cm; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 36.7pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="49">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">38<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f4f4f4; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: #f4f4f4; WIDTH: 38pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" width="51">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">128<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #000066; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" style="WIDTH: 234pt; HEIGHT: 140.25pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: page; mso-position-vertical-relative: page" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\09\clip_image003.jpg" chromakey="white" embosscolor="#000002" o:href="http://www.easetek.net/images/5/6.jpg"></v:imagedata><o:lock aspectratio="f" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shape><br /></span><font size="3"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">示图<span lang="EN-US">5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span></span>穿刺高压电极的外形、尺寸</span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 23.6pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -23.6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: -2.24; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font size="3"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、安装方法：</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></strong></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: char; TEXT-INDENT: -17.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: -1.71; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1. </span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">根据绝缘导线的标称截面积选择对应型号的防雷金具。本防雷金具适用于单向供电线路，安装在绝缘子的负荷侧（背离电源侧）。如图<span lang="EN-US">6</span>所示，将穿刺高压电极安装在绝缘导线上，按表<span lang="EN-US">2</span>调整<span lang="EN-US">D</span>的数值。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" style="WIDTH: 444.75pt; HEIGHT: 258.75pt" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata cropbottom="3969f" croptop="4404f" o:title="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JACK\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\09\clip_image005.jpg" chromakey="white"></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
<div align="center">
<table class="MsoNormalTable" style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; MARGIN: auto auto auto 13.45pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; mso-border-insideh: .75pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .75pt solid windowtext; mso-cellspacing: .7pt" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0" border="1">
    <tbody>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 2.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 119.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 2.3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt" width="159">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">线路绝缘子型号<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 132.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 2.3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt" width="177">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">PS15<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 108.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 2.3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt" width="145">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">P15<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 72.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 2.3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt" width="97">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">P20<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="HEIGHT: 4.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes">
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 119.1pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 4.6pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt" width="159">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">对应的<span lang="EN-US">D</span>的数值<span lang="EN-US"> (mm)<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 132.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 4.6pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt" width="177">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">250&plusmn;10<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 108.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 4.6pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt" width="145">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">250&plusmn;10<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
            <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 1.5pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 1.5pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1.5pt; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 72.5pt; PADDING-TOP: 1.5pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid; HEIGHT: 4.6pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt" width="97">
            <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align="center"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">250&plusmn;10<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
            </td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><font size="3">表<span lang="EN-US">2 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span>对应的<span lang="EN-US">D</span>的数值<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: -1.71; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2. </span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">压紧压力螺母，上紧高压电极。对于扭断型压力螺母，用力拧断压力螺母。然后，拧紧备紧螺母，防止压力螺母松动。对于紧固型螺母，安装穿刺电极时，设定扭力扳手扭力值，用扭力扳手交替、对称拧紧<span lang="EN-US">2</span>个压力螺母。然后，拧紧备紧螺母，防止压力螺母松动。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: -17.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: -1.71; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="left"><font size="3"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3. </span><span style="COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">松开线路绝缘子螺母，将接地电极插入绝缘子底座和杆塔横担之间，位于导线和穿刺电极的正下方。如示图<span lang="EN-US">7</span>所示。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></font></p>
<span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">4. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">将绝缘罩安装在穿刺电极外面，如示图<span lang="EN-US">7</span>所示，用固定扣连接绝缘罩。</span>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/1321702.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>zhaobang</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2008 15:34:51 CST </pubDate>
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