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<title><![CDATA[zhejiangyouli'职业博客]]> </title>
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<![CDATA[]]>
</description>
<link>http://zhejiangyouli.blog.bokee.net/</link>
<language>zh-cn</language>
<creator>zhejiangyouli</creator>
<pubDate>Wed, 06 Aug 2008 11:00:28 CST </pubDate>
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<item>
<title>政策力挺医疗器械行业，3400亿市场引爆投资热潮</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10138323.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">根据中国食药监会网站的信息显示，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2012</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年全国<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>监督管理工作会议近日在四川成都召开。会议要求加强法规建设、审批机制改革等。此外，业内人士称，今年关于医疗器械相关的&ldquo;十二五&rdquo;规划将密集出台。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">　　去年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">月，科技部发布《医学科技发展&ldquo;十二五&rdquo;规划》，提出以重大新药、<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>、现代中药为核心，发展生物医药战略性新兴产业。本报记者近日获悉，科技部的重点专项《医疗器械产业科技发展专项规划</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2011-2015</span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">》已完成并进入征求意见阶段，出台的脚步渐行渐近。此外，在新版</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">GMP</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">颁布之后，医药包装行业&ldquo;十二五&rdquo;规划也正在酝酿中，其主要的任务是通过联合、兼并、重组等手段提高行业集中度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">　　在全国<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>监督管理工作会议上，国家食品药品监督管理局党组成员、副局长边振甲表示，接下来将加强医疗器械行业的监管。他指出，当前医疗器械监管工作面临亟待解决的问题不少。比如，医疗器械监管法规体系、监管基础设施建设、监管队伍建设都需要进一步加强，审评审批机制改革需进一步深化等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">　　边振甲要求，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2012</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年将在三方面推动<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>监管工作再上新台阶：一是要加大监管力度，坚决严肃处理对各类违法违规行为，切实保障公众用械安全；二是要深化监管机制改革，进一步创新监管模式，全面提高医疗器械监管效能；三是要狠抓工作落实，集中精力，抓住重点，以点带面，确保各项工作目标有效落实。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">　　据最近尚普咨询发布的《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2011</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年中国<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>行业分析及发展前景预测报告》显示，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2010</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年我国医疗器械市场增长率为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">23%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，市场规模达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1200</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">亿元。预计到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2015</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年，中国整个医疗仪器与设备市场预计将近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3400</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">亿元。目前全球医疗器械占医药市场总规模的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">42%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，而我国仅占医药市场总规模的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">14%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，可谓潜力巨大。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">本网站博文资讯文章均来自网友投稿或网上转载，不代表我公司意见，转载请注明出处</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10138323.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>zhejiangyouli</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Fri, 10 Feb 2012 10:31:46 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>国内医疗器械集中采购“国标”缺席</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10128831.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">国内<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>集中采购&ldquo;国标&rdquo;缺席</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">日前，北京市卫生局纪委与驻湖北省卫生厅、新疆维吾尔自治区卫生厅纪检组联合调研组提交的调研报告表明，将高值耗材和乙类大型医用设备纳入集中采购范围，可能面临质量与价格、需求与供应、低价中标与高价售后服务及当前市场需求与行业长远发展等诸多矛盾。建议明确高值耗材和乙类大型医用设备集中采购实施范围，组织编制采购目录，规范采购品名和产品描述，建立全国统一的行业标准。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">　　报告指出，集中采购容易形成投标商降低设备质量层次，减弱甚至忽略售后服务，低价抢标。在售后服务中，厂商还会将配件数倍于进价卖给用户，并收取高额工时费，一年保修期满后，再利用技术和配件的垄断，迫使医疗机构高价与其签订维修合同。从目前情况看，厂商</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:black">80%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">的利润都是由维修服务得来。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">　　报告还提出，医疗机构在<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>的使用上存在对技术参数、品牌、价格、售后服务等的差别要求，集中采购很难满足医疗机构的个性化需求。同时，高值医用耗材仅能根据临床需要确定，医院一般不会库存，无法批量购买。如果有需要才申请采购，又会出现采购周期过长、无法及时满足临床需求的问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">报告建议，对<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>科学分级分类，将集中采购分为进口产品、中外合资企业产品、国内产品等层次，在同一层次下竞争淘汰，满足不同层面的需求。综合评判需求和市场供应情况确定采购方式，对于个性化需求明显、产品专业性较强、供应商相对集中的产品，采用邀请招标、竞争性谈判等方式，在合格供应商名录内竞争采购。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">本网站博文资讯文章均来自网友投稿或网上转载，不代表我公司意见，转载请注明出处。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
Arial;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>&nbsp;</div>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10128831.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>zhejiangyouli</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Thu, 09 Feb 2012 11:01:06 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>真空采血管的技术特点及临床应用</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10097407.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液标本的采取用<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>系列已成为主流，由于过去采血后血液自然凝固</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液从离心到测定放置时间长，影响分析结果和速度。为了迅速推进检测技术的快速化，往采血管中添加分离胶，促凝剂缩短了血液凝固时间，血清（血浆）分离胶抗凝采血管的应用，为急诊干化学分析仪提供了更快速的检测标本并在最短时间报告结果。同时减少了交叉感染等生物安全隐患</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">规范了检验科采血技术，提高了检测标本的质量，方便了就诊患者。但是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">随着分离胶促凝采血管等在临床实践应用不断增加，出现许多误区及使用中值得注意的有关问题，有必要对这些问题作一介绍。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一、材料的性能指标</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">自动化仪器的大量使用及血液的保存对血样原始性状稳定性提出了更高的要求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>技术突破了仅仅只为安全的要求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">而准确性、标本的原始性状、维持时间及管机配合、试管强度等性能指标都不能忽视</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">影响标本原始性状及检测准确性的因素有如下几项。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>的材质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以往采血管多为玻璃材料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">普通玻璃的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">pH</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">相差甚远</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">溶血的可能性大大增加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">而拉管工艺制作的玻璃试管线性沟密布</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">深浅粗细无常导致细胞的挂壁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">玻璃试管的主要成分是亲水性硅酸盐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">采血后玻璃试管内壁可出现吸附水分子的吸水层</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶不能直接黏附于玻璃试管的内壁。随着放置时间的延长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">红细胞中的钾或者酶等物质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可以通过水分子吸水层向血清中扩散。所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">玻璃采血管在原状态下保存血清的期限以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">2~3d</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">为宜。塑料采血管常用聚对苯二甲酸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">乙二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">醇酯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(polyethyleneterephthalates,PET)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">材质制作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">是疏水性质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其管壁不产生水分子层</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶可牢固地黏附着内壁上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">红细胞中的钾不能扩散到血清中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因而冷藏保存</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">8d</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清钾含量不变。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PET</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">塑料真空采血管可在</span><st1:chmetcnv unitname="℃" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">℃</span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">保存标本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这是普通塑料试管和玻璃试管难以达到的。所以，在选择真空采血管时尽量用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PET</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">塑料采血管为佳。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">密封胶塞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">密封胶塞的质量直接影响到试管的真空性能及血液样本的原始状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">推荐使用丁基橡胶而不用天然橡胶，天然橡胶填料外渗严重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">是一种可致溶血的材料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">许多有机填料和助剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">包括石蜡油</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">硅油</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">柔软剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">着色剂等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">在真空状态下会沿玻璃管壁往下爬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这类物质尤其影响真空干燥的肝素类物质的水溶性而导致凝血。另外其气透性及水透性也不符合真空管的技术要求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">真空丢失严重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">管塞结合部可见塞屑粘壁严重。而丁基橡胶具有良好的塞封性能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">溶出物大大减少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使得采血管即便是在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">101.3kPa</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的负压时仍能在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">24</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">个月内保持真空恒定。真空恒定使采血对象即使有血压及血液粘度的差别</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以及采血环境温度的变化仍能保持采血量的相对准确</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">实际采血量误差可控制在&plusmn;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以内。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">二、添加剂的正确使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">添加剂包括多种成分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如抗凝剂、促凝剂、缓冲剂、保护剂、分离胶等，其品种、性能、浓度直接影响血样的性状和检测结果。真空采血技术则在品种、浓度方面做到规范一致</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">并能长期维持其有效性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使添加剂对检测结果的影响降到最小。由于血液分析的多样性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故抗凝剂的使用种类较多</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝及促凝原理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">效果也不一样</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">常用的有如下几种。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">红帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空</a></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">采血管</a>内不含抗凝剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">用于生化、血库和血清学检验。有的内壁涂有硅酮</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">避免血细胞附壁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">防止离心时细胞破碎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">释放细胞内物质至细胞外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">影响试验结果。由于这种采血管内无分离胶，血液从凝固到离心须在一小时以上已越来越不适应目前医院繁重的工作量的需要，现在有逐步被带分离胶促凝管所替代。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶促凝管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">黄帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">): </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清分离胶由疏水有机化合物和硅石粉组成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">是具有触变性的黏液胶体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其结构中含有大量氢键</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">由于氢键的缔合作用形成网状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">在离心力的作用下网状结构被破坏变为黏度低的流体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">当离心力消失之后又重新形成网状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这种性质被称为触变性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(thixotropy)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。即在温度不变的情况下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对这种黏液胶体加一定的机械力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可从高黏度的凝胶状态变为低黏度的溶胶状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果机械力消失又恢复原高黏度的凝胶状态。分离胶比重维持在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.05,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清比重约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.02,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血块比重约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.08</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，当分离胶与凝固后的血液在同一试管中离心时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">由于对分离胶施加离心力而引起硅石凝聚体中的氢键网状结构被破坏变成链状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶就成为黏度低的物质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">比分离胶重的血块就转移到管的底部</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶发生返转现象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">形成管底部血块、分离胶、血清三层。当离心机停止转动失去离心力后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶中硅石凝聚体的链状粒子间再次由氢键构成网状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">恢复初始高黏度凝胶状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">在血清和血块间形成隔离层。血液促凝剂是为了临床检验中快速分离血清标本而研制的促凝剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一般常用硅石粉、玻璃粉、碳素粉末及蛇毒等促凝成分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">经特殊加工制成粉剂用定量喷雾器均匀喷涂在血清分离胶真空采血管内壁上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">达到快速促凝的目的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素抗凝管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">绿帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素是一种含有硫酸基团的粘多糖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分子量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">15000,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因有硫酸基团</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">带有强大的负电荷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&quot;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其抗凝原理为与抗凝血酶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2(AT2)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">结合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">AT2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的精氨酸反应中心更易与各种丝氨酸蛋白酶起作用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使凝血酶的活性丧失。常用其钠、钾、锂盐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,100~125U/mg</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5~10ml</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液不凝固。肝素是一种极佳的抗凝剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对血液成分干扰少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不影响红细胞体积</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不引起溶血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">适用于做红细胞渗透脆性试验。血气、血浆渗透量、红细胞压积、血沉及普通生化测定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&quot;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因肝素具有抗凝血酶的作用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适于做血凝试验。过量的肝素会引起白细胞的聚集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不能用于白细胞计数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因其可使血片染色后背景呈淡蓝色</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故不适于做白细胞分类。由于肝素不能使离体后的血小板离散</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">成为单个颗粒或细胞通过微孔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可造成血小板计数减低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">白细胞计数及淋巴细胞计数偏高。商品肝素常含有磷酸盐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使无机磷测定偏高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&quot;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素抗凝血应于短时间内使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">否则搁置过久血液又可凝固。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">乙二胺四乙酸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(EDTA)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">盐管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">紫帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">与血液中的钙离子螯合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">从而使血液不凝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一般</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.0~2.0mg</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可阻止</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1ml</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液凝固。此抗凝剂不影响白细胞计数及大小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对红细胞形态影响最小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">并且可以抑制血小板的聚集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">适用于一般血液学检验。抗凝剂浓度过高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">渗透压上升</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">造成细胞皱缩。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">溶液</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">pH</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">与盐类关系较大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">pH</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使细胞膨胀，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA-K2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使红细胞体积轻度胀大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">采血后短时间内平均血小板体积</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(MPV)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">非常不稳定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">半小时后趋于稳定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA-K2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使钙、镁下降</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">同时使肌酸激酶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(CK)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">、碱性磷酸酶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(ALP)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">减低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因这些酶测定需要这些金属离子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA-K3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的最佳浓度是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.5mg/ml,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果血少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">浓度增高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">中性粒细胞会肿胀分叶消失</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血小板会肿胀、崩解</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">产生正常血小板大小的碎片</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使分析结果产生错误。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">依赖的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">IgM</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗体可引起白细胞计数减少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">同时造成血涂片时白细胞聚集。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">由于螯合钙的作用强</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使二磷酸腺苷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(ADP)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不能引起血小板聚集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">另外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">能抑制或干涉纤维蛋白凝块形成时纤维蛋白单体聚合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适用于血凝及血小板功能检查</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">亦不适用于钙、钾、钠及含氮物质测定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">枸橼酸钠管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">蓝帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">!</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">黑帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝原理为与钙结合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">形成可溶性钙螯合物而使血液不凝。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">NCCLS</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">推荐的血凝测定要求的抗凝剂浓度是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">3.2%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.8%,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">相当于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.109</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.129mol/L,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝剂与血液的比例是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。大部分凝血试验都可用枸橼酸钠抗凝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">它有助于因子和因子的稳定。另外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">用枸橼酸钠抗凝的血浆做活化部分凝血活酶时间</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(APTT)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">试验</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其对肝素的敏感性远远高于草酸盐抗凝血浆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">当</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">试验用于监控接受肝素治疗的患者时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这一点显得非常重要。枸橼酸钠</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">6mg</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">才能抗凝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1ml</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">碱性强</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适于血液化验</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">亦不适于做生化检测</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">枸橼酸钠对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">MPV</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">及其他凝血因子影响极小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可用于血小板功能分析，血小板的聚集作用随血浆中枸橼酸钠的浓度降低而增高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因此在贫血患者应加入较正常人为多的抗凝剂。对于血液凝固试验来讲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果血液比例过低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">时间会延长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">凝血酶原时间</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(PT)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">结果亦会有显著改变。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">测定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.8%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的抗凝剂比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.2%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的国际标准化比值</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(INR)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">值高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其差别变化一般在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.7~2.7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">INR</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">单位之间。由于枸橼酸钠毒性小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">也用于血液保存，枸橼酸钠在水中溶解慢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故只能配成水剂而不能用粉剂。枸橼酸钠有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分子水</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(Na<st1:chmetcnv unitname="C" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">3C</st1:chmetcnv>6H5O7.2H20)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5.5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分子水</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(2Na<st1:chmetcnv unitname="C" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">3C</st1:chmetcnv>6H5O7.11H2O)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">两种</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如用后者等渗浓度应为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.8%,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">但后者很难买到。抗凝剂浓度高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血沉快</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">若抗凝剂浓度恰当</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">无论枸橼酸钠或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">均不影响血沉的结果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素可改变红细胞的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Zeta</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">电位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使血沉加快</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故不能使用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">三、<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>使用中应注意的几个问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">．<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>的选择：应本着安全有效，质优价廉，保证检验结果稳定准确，减少病人负担的原则去选择适合自己医院的产品。目前除了部分小厂的质量还不能达到使用要求外，许多国产的品牌的质量已经接近或达到同类进口产品的要求，而且更具价格优势，很大程度上可以减少病人不少的医疗开支。所以我们不能一味追求或依赖进口产品，那些质量好价格优惠的国产品牌同样可以胜任于日常的临床应用。但是，在应用前必须进行小样本量（至少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">100</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">例）各种类型真空采血管必要的试用和评价后才能正式在临床应用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">推荐的采血顺序为凝血管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&rarr;枸橼酸钠管&rarr;肝素或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">管&rarr;草酸钾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">氟化钠管&rarr;血沉管。主要原因是第一管内往往含有组织液</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">易造成凝血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适于做血凝测定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">取血时患者应松弛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">环境温暖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">防止静脉挛缩，束膊时间不可过长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">禁止拍打手臂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">否则可造成局部血液浓缩或激活凝血系统。观察采血是否顺利，采血量是否符合要求。由于实验室样本量的不断增加，传统实验室分离血清标本的速度与全自动化分析仪很不同步</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因为血液凝固速度与玻璃试管和塑料试管的激活能力、温度密切相关。实验证明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">凝血因子中的Ⅺ、Ⅻ因子接触玻璃试管壁后被激活</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一般采血后在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">23~<st1:chmetcnv unitname="℃" sourcevalue="25" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">25<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span lang="EN-US">℃</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">室温条件下</span>,30min</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">大部分血液已凝固</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">完全凝固需要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1h</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。但是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">疏水性的塑料试管壁接触凝血因子Ⅺ、Ⅻ时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">被激活的能力非常弱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">需要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2~4h</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液才能完全凝固</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">影响了分离血清的速度。在采血试管内壁表面喷涂血液促凝剂才能解决上述存在的问题。采血后轻轻倒转试管混合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4~5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">置室温立放待血液完全凝固后离心，血液呈现收缩状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可观察到有血清渗出现象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">证明血液完全凝固。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">．血清分离胶促凝采血管离心操作的要求：如何正确地使用分离胶促凝管制备高质量血清标本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液完全凝固和离心条件是至关重要的两个环节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心要求采用水平式离心机。具体操作步骤是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">采血后立即轻轻倒转采血试管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4~5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">次混匀标本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">等待标本充分凝固需要放置</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">30min,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心半径</span><st1:chmetcnv unitname="cm" sourcevalue="8" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">8cm</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心速度维持在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3500~4000r/min</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">10min</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。血清与血凝块完全被分离胶分离</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清标本可直接上机检测或转移至仪器配套试杯中。具备这个条件才能制备出高品质血清标本，说明分离胶效果好。如果离心速度过低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">作用于分离胶的力比较弱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶返转不佳或者血液没有完全凝固就离心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可出现纤维蛋白凝状物停留在血清中或胶体层中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">有可能引起溶血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">除急诊外普通生化检查最好在血液完全凝固后离心效果交好。由于缺乏经验，这种现象在实验室初始使用分离胶凝采血管时经常发生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果有纤维蛋白丝停留于血清中很容易阻塞自动分析仪采血针。目前许多国产分离胶质量已达到或接近国际水平，许多医院的使用表明和美国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">BD</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">公司等同类产品的分离时间，分离效果几乎没有区别。经用国产（友利）分离胶塑料试管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对生化、免疫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">30</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">多个项目是否影响测定值作了调查</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">用普通玻璃试管做对照并和美国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">BD</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">公司同类产品进行比较实验研究，两者之间具有很好的可比性，结果无显著性差异（均</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">p&gt;0.05</span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">）。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液与抗凝剂的比例必须精确</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝剂在血标本中的绝对含量可改变血浆中钙离子浓度进而影响实验结果。钙的绝对浓度越高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,PT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">凝固时间越短。关于凝血试验真空管&ldquo;死腔&rdquo;问题，有实验表明真空管死腔会产生血小板活性增强（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PF4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">活性增强）、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">缩短现象的原因可能是多方面的，由于死腔激活血小板是随机偶然事件，目前尚未对其发生机理和概率有明确的认识。因此，在进行血小板功能试验及监测</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以指导肝素抗凝治疗时对实验结果产生的偏差。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">综上所述，<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>的普通使用对提高检验质量，防止生物安全污染，规范抽血技术，提高工作效率等都有很大好处。但同时一定要注意品质的选择，规范的操作和使用过程中的出现的问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">本网站博文资讯文章均来自网友投稿或网上转载，不代表我公司意见，转载请注明出处。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10097407.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>zhejiangyouli</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2012 10:53:52 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>真空采血管的技术特点及临床应用</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10097399.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液标本的采取用<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>系列已成为主流，由于过去采血后血液自然凝固</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液从离心到测定放置时间长，影响分析结果和速度。为了迅速推进检测技术的快速化，往采血管中添加分离胶，促凝剂缩短了血液凝固时间，血清（血浆）分离胶抗凝采血管的应用，为急诊干化学分析仪提供了更快速的检测标本并在最短时间报告结果。同时减少了交叉感染等生物安全隐患</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">规范了检验科采血技术，提高了检测标本的质量，方便了就诊患者。但是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">随着分离胶促凝采血管等在临床实践应用不断增加，出现许多误区及使用中值得注意的有关问题，有必要对这些问题作一介绍。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一、材料的性能指标</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">自动化仪器的大量使用及血液的保存对血样原始性状稳定性提出了更高的要求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>技术突破了仅仅只为安全的要求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">而准确性、标本的原始性状、维持时间及管机配合、试管强度等性能指标都不能忽视</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">影响标本原始性状及检测准确性的因素有如下几项。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>的材质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以往采血管多为玻璃材料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">普通玻璃的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">pH</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">相差甚远</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">溶血的可能性大大增加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">而拉管工艺制作的玻璃试管线性沟密布</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">深浅粗细无常导致细胞的挂壁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">玻璃试管的主要成分是亲水性硅酸盐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">采血后玻璃试管内壁可出现吸附水分子的吸水层</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶不能直接黏附于玻璃试管的内壁。随着放置时间的延长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">红细胞中的钾或者酶等物质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可以通过水分子吸水层向血清中扩散。所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">玻璃采血管在原状态下保存血清的期限以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">2~3d</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">为宜。塑料采血管常用聚对苯二甲酸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">乙二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">醇酯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(polyethyleneterephthalates,PET)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">材质制作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">是疏水性质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其管壁不产生水分子层</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶可牢固地黏附着内壁上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">红细胞中的钾不能扩散到血清中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因而冷藏保存</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">8d</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清钾含量不变。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PET</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">塑料真空采血管可在</span><st1:chmetcnv unitname="℃" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">℃</span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">保存标本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这是普通塑料试管和玻璃试管难以达到的。所以，在选择真空采血管时尽量用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PET</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">塑料采血管为佳。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">密封胶塞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">密封胶塞的质量直接影响到试管的真空性能及血液样本的原始状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">推荐使用丁基橡胶而不用天然橡胶，天然橡胶填料外渗严重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">是一种可致溶血的材料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">许多有机填料和助剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">包括石蜡油</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">硅油</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">柔软剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">着色剂等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">在真空状态下会沿玻璃管壁往下爬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这类物质尤其影响真空干燥的肝素类物质的水溶性而导致凝血。另外其气透性及水透性也不符合真空管的技术要求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">真空丢失严重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">管塞结合部可见塞屑粘壁严重。而丁基橡胶具有良好的塞封性能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">溶出物大大减少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使得采血管即便是在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">101.3kPa</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的负压时仍能在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">24</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">个月内保持真空恒定。真空恒定使采血对象即使有血压及血液粘度的差别</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以及采血环境温度的变化仍能保持采血量的相对准确</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">实际采血量误差可控制在&plusmn;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以内。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">二、添加剂的正确使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">添加剂包括多种成分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如抗凝剂、促凝剂、缓冲剂、保护剂、分离胶等，其品种、性能、浓度直接影响血样的性状和检测结果。真空采血技术则在品种、浓度方面做到规范一致</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">并能长期维持其有效性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使添加剂对检测结果的影响降到最小。由于血液分析的多样性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故抗凝剂的使用种类较多</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝及促凝原理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">效果也不一样</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">常用的有如下几种。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">红帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空</a></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">采血管</a>内不含抗凝剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">用于生化、血库和血清学检验。有的内壁涂有硅酮</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">避免血细胞附壁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">防止离心时细胞破碎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">释放细胞内物质至细胞外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">影响试验结果。由于这种采血管内无分离胶，血液从凝固到离心须在一小时以上已越来越不适应目前医院繁重的工作量的需要，现在有逐步被带分离胶促凝管所替代。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶促凝管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">黄帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">): </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清分离胶由疏水有机化合物和硅石粉组成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">是具有触变性的黏液胶体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其结构中含有大量氢键</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">由于氢键的缔合作用形成网状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">在离心力的作用下网状结构被破坏变为黏度低的流体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">当离心力消失之后又重新形成网状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这种性质被称为触变性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(thixotropy)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。即在温度不变的情况下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对这种黏液胶体加一定的机械力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可从高黏度的凝胶状态变为低黏度的溶胶状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果机械力消失又恢复原高黏度的凝胶状态。分离胶比重维持在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.05,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清比重约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.02,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血块比重约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.08</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，当分离胶与凝固后的血液在同一试管中离心时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">由于对分离胶施加离心力而引起硅石凝聚体中的氢键网状结构被破坏变成链状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶就成为黏度低的物质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">比分离胶重的血块就转移到管的底部</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶发生返转现象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">形成管底部血块、分离胶、血清三层。当离心机停止转动失去离心力后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶中硅石凝聚体的链状粒子间再次由氢键构成网状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">恢复初始高黏度凝胶状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">在血清和血块间形成隔离层。血液促凝剂是为了临床检验中快速分离血清标本而研制的促凝剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一般常用硅石粉、玻璃粉、碳素粉末及蛇毒等促凝成分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">经特殊加工制成粉剂用定量喷雾器均匀喷涂在血清分离胶真空采血管内壁上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">达到快速促凝的目的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素抗凝管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">绿帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素是一种含有硫酸基团的粘多糖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分子量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">15000,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因有硫酸基团</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">带有强大的负电荷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&quot;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其抗凝原理为与抗凝血酶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2(AT2)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">结合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">AT2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的精氨酸反应中心更易与各种丝氨酸蛋白酶起作用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使凝血酶的活性丧失。常用其钠、钾、锂盐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,100~125U/mg</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5~10ml</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液不凝固。肝素是一种极佳的抗凝剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对血液成分干扰少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不影响红细胞体积</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不引起溶血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">适用于做红细胞渗透脆性试验。血气、血浆渗透量、红细胞压积、血沉及普通生化测定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&quot;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因肝素具有抗凝血酶的作用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适于做血凝试验。过量的肝素会引起白细胞的聚集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不能用于白细胞计数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因其可使血片染色后背景呈淡蓝色</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故不适于做白细胞分类。由于肝素不能使离体后的血小板离散</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">成为单个颗粒或细胞通过微孔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可造成血小板计数减低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">白细胞计数及淋巴细胞计数偏高。商品肝素常含有磷酸盐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使无机磷测定偏高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&quot;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素抗凝血应于短时间内使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">否则搁置过久血液又可凝固。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">乙二胺四乙酸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(EDTA)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">盐管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">紫帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">与血液中的钙离子螯合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">从而使血液不凝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一般</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.0~2.0mg</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可阻止</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1ml</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液凝固。此抗凝剂不影响白细胞计数及大小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对红细胞形态影响最小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">并且可以抑制血小板的聚集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">适用于一般血液学检验。抗凝剂浓度过高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">渗透压上升</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">造成细胞皱缩。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">溶液</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">pH</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">与盐类关系较大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">pH</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使细胞膨胀，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA-K2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使红细胞体积轻度胀大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">采血后短时间内平均血小板体积</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(MPV)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">非常不稳定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">半小时后趋于稳定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA-K2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使钙、镁下降</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">同时使肌酸激酶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(CK)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">、碱性磷酸酶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(ALP)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">减低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因这些酶测定需要这些金属离子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA-K3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的最佳浓度是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.5mg/ml,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果血少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">浓度增高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">中性粒细胞会肿胀分叶消失</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血小板会肿胀、崩解</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">产生正常血小板大小的碎片</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使分析结果产生错误。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">依赖的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">IgM</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗体可引起白细胞计数减少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">同时造成血涂片时白细胞聚集。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">由于螯合钙的作用强</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使二磷酸腺苷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(ADP)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不能引起血小板聚集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">另外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">能抑制或干涉纤维蛋白凝块形成时纤维蛋白单体聚合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适用于血凝及血小板功能检查</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">亦不适用于钙、钾、钠及含氮物质测定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">枸橼酸钠管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">蓝帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">!</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">黑帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝原理为与钙结合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">形成可溶性钙螯合物而使血液不凝。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">NCCLS</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">推荐的血凝测定要求的抗凝剂浓度是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">3.2%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.8%,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">相当于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.109</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.129mol/L,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝剂与血液的比例是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。大部分凝血试验都可用枸橼酸钠抗凝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">它有助于因子和因子的稳定。另外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">用枸橼酸钠抗凝的血浆做活化部分凝血活酶时间</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(APTT)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">试验</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其对肝素的敏感性远远高于草酸盐抗凝血浆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">当</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">试验用于监控接受肝素治疗的患者时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这一点显得非常重要。枸橼酸钠</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">6mg</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">才能抗凝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1ml</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">碱性强</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适于血液化验</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">亦不适于做生化检测</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">枸橼酸钠对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">MPV</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">及其他凝血因子影响极小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可用于血小板功能分析，血小板的聚集作用随血浆中枸橼酸钠的浓度降低而增高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因此在贫血患者应加入较正常人为多的抗凝剂。对于血液凝固试验来讲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果血液比例过低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">时间会延长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">凝血酶原时间</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(PT)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">结果亦会有显著改变。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">测定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.8%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的抗凝剂比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.2%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的国际标准化比值</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(INR)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">值高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其差别变化一般在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.7~2.7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">INR</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">单位之间。由于枸橼酸钠毒性小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">也用于血液保存，枸橼酸钠在水中溶解慢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故只能配成水剂而不能用粉剂。枸橼酸钠有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分子水</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(Na<st1:chmetcnv unitname="C" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">3C</st1:chmetcnv>6H5O7.2H20)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5.5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分子水</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(2Na<st1:chmetcnv unitname="C" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">3C</st1:chmetcnv>6H5O7.11H2O)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">两种</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如用后者等渗浓度应为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.8%,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">但后者很难买到。抗凝剂浓度高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血沉快</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">若抗凝剂浓度恰当</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">无论枸橼酸钠或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">均不影响血沉的结果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素可改变红细胞的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Zeta</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">电位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使血沉加快</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故不能使用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">三、<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>使用中应注意的几个问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">．<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>的选择：应本着安全有效，质优价廉，保证检验结果稳定准确，减少病人负担的原则去选择适合自己医院的产品。目前除了部分小厂的质量还不能达到使用要求外，许多国产的品牌的质量已经接近或达到同类进口产品的要求，而且更具价格优势，很大程度上可以减少病人不少的医疗开支。所以我们不能一味追求或依赖进口产品，那些质量好价格优惠的国产品牌同样可以胜任于日常的临床应用。但是，在应用前必须进行小样本量（至少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">100</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">例）各种类型真空采血管必要的试用和评价后才能正式在临床应用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">推荐的采血顺序为凝血管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&rarr;枸橼酸钠管&rarr;肝素或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">管&rarr;草酸钾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">氟化钠管&rarr;血沉管。主要原因是第一管内往往含有组织液</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">易造成凝血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适于做血凝测定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">取血时患者应松弛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">环境温暖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">防止静脉挛缩，束膊时间不可过长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">禁止拍打手臂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">否则可造成局部血液浓缩或激活凝血系统。观察采血是否顺利，采血量是否符合要求。由于实验室样本量的不断增加，传统实验室分离血清标本的速度与全自动化分析仪很不同步</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因为血液凝固速度与玻璃试管和塑料试管的激活能力、温度密切相关。实验证明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">凝血因子中的Ⅺ、Ⅻ因子接触玻璃试管壁后被激活</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一般采血后在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">23~<st1:chmetcnv unitname="℃" sourcevalue="25" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">25<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span lang="EN-US">℃</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">室温条件下</span>,30min</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">大部分血液已凝固</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">完全凝固需要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1h</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。但是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">疏水性的塑料试管壁接触凝血因子Ⅺ、Ⅻ时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">被激活的能力非常弱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">需要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2~4h</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液才能完全凝固</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">影响了分离血清的速度。在采血试管内壁表面喷涂血液促凝剂才能解决上述存在的问题。采血后轻轻倒转试管混合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4~5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">置室温立放待血液完全凝固后离心，血液呈现收缩状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可观察到有血清渗出现象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">证明血液完全凝固。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">．血清分离胶促凝采血管离心操作的要求：如何正确地使用分离胶促凝管制备高质量血清标本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液完全凝固和离心条件是至关重要的两个环节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心要求采用水平式离心机。具体操作步骤是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">采血后立即轻轻倒转采血试管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4~5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">次混匀标本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">等待标本充分凝固需要放置</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">30min,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心半径</span><st1:chmetcnv unitname="cm" sourcevalue="8" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">8cm</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心速度维持在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3500~4000r/min</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">10min</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。血清与血凝块完全被分离胶分离</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清标本可直接上机检测或转移至仪器配套试杯中。具备这个条件才能制备出高品质血清标本，说明分离胶效果好。如果离心速度过低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">作用于分离胶的力比较弱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶返转不佳或者血液没有完全凝固就离心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可出现纤维蛋白凝状物停留在血清中或胶体层中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">有可能引起溶血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">除急诊外普通生化检查最好在血液完全凝固后离心效果交好。由于缺乏经验，这种现象在实验室初始使用分离胶凝采血管时经常发生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果有纤维蛋白丝停留于血清中很容易阻塞自动分析仪采血针。目前许多国产分离胶质量已达到或接近国际水平，许多医院的使用表明和美国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">BD</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">公司等同类产品的分离时间，分离效果几乎没有区别。经用国产（友利）分离胶塑料试管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对生化、免疫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">30</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">多个项目是否影响测定值作了调查</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">用普通玻璃试管做对照并和美国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">BD</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">公司同类产品进行比较实验研究，两者之间具有很好的可比性，结果无显著性差异（均</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">p&gt;0.05</span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">）。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液与抗凝剂的比例必须精确</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝剂在血标本中的绝对含量可改变血浆中钙离子浓度进而影响实验结果。钙的绝对浓度越高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,PT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">凝固时间越短。关于凝血试验真空管&ldquo;死腔&rdquo;问题，有实验表明真空管死腔会产生血小板活性增强（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PF4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">活性增强）、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">缩短现象的原因可能是多方面的，由于死腔激活血小板是随机偶然事件，目前尚未对其发生机理和概率有明确的认识。因此，在进行血小板功能试验及监测</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以指导肝素抗凝治疗时对实验结果产生的偏差。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">综上所述，<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>的普通使用对提高检验质量，防止生物安全污染，规范抽血技术，提高工作效率等都有很大好处。但同时一定要注意品质的选择，规范的操作和使用过程中的出现的问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">本网站博文资讯文章均来自网友投稿或网上转载，不代表我公司意见，转载请注明出处。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10097399.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>zhejiangyouli</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2012 10:53:39 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>真空采血管的技术特点及临床应用</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10097387.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液标本的采取用<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>系列已成为主流，由于过去采血后血液自然凝固</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液从离心到测定放置时间长，影响分析结果和速度。为了迅速推进检测技术的快速化，往采血管中添加分离胶，促凝剂缩短了血液凝固时间，血清（血浆）分离胶抗凝采血管的应用，为急诊干化学分析仪提供了更快速的检测标本并在最短时间报告结果。同时减少了交叉感染等生物安全隐患</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">规范了检验科采血技术，提高了检测标本的质量，方便了就诊患者。但是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">随着分离胶促凝采血管等在临床实践应用不断增加，出现许多误区及使用中值得注意的有关问题，有必要对这些问题作一介绍。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一、材料的性能指标</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">自动化仪器的大量使用及血液的保存对血样原始性状稳定性提出了更高的要求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>技术突破了仅仅只为安全的要求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">而准确性、标本的原始性状、维持时间及管机配合、试管强度等性能指标都不能忽视</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">影响标本原始性状及检测准确性的因素有如下几项。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>的材质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以往采血管多为玻璃材料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">普通玻璃的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">pH</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">相差甚远</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">溶血的可能性大大增加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">而拉管工艺制作的玻璃试管线性沟密布</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">深浅粗细无常导致细胞的挂壁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">玻璃试管的主要成分是亲水性硅酸盐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">采血后玻璃试管内壁可出现吸附水分子的吸水层</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶不能直接黏附于玻璃试管的内壁。随着放置时间的延长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">红细胞中的钾或者酶等物质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可以通过水分子吸水层向血清中扩散。所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">玻璃采血管在原状态下保存血清的期限以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">2~3d</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">为宜。塑料采血管常用聚对苯二甲酸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">乙二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">醇酯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(polyethyleneterephthalates,PET)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">材质制作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">是疏水性质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其管壁不产生水分子层</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶可牢固地黏附着内壁上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">红细胞中的钾不能扩散到血清中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因而冷藏保存</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">8d</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清钾含量不变。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PET</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">塑料真空采血管可在</span><st1:chmetcnv unitname="℃" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">℃</span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">保存标本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这是普通塑料试管和玻璃试管难以达到的。所以，在选择真空采血管时尽量用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PET</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">塑料采血管为佳。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">密封胶塞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">密封胶塞的质量直接影响到试管的真空性能及血液样本的原始状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">推荐使用丁基橡胶而不用天然橡胶，天然橡胶填料外渗严重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">是一种可致溶血的材料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">许多有机填料和助剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">包括石蜡油</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">硅油</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">柔软剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">着色剂等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">在真空状态下会沿玻璃管壁往下爬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这类物质尤其影响真空干燥的肝素类物质的水溶性而导致凝血。另外其气透性及水透性也不符合真空管的技术要求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">真空丢失严重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">管塞结合部可见塞屑粘壁严重。而丁基橡胶具有良好的塞封性能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">溶出物大大减少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使得采血管即便是在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">101.3kPa</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的负压时仍能在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">24</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">个月内保持真空恒定。真空恒定使采血对象即使有血压及血液粘度的差别</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以及采血环境温度的变化仍能保持采血量的相对准确</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">实际采血量误差可控制在&plusmn;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以内。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">二、添加剂的正确使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">添加剂包括多种成分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如抗凝剂、促凝剂、缓冲剂、保护剂、分离胶等，其品种、性能、浓度直接影响血样的性状和检测结果。真空采血技术则在品种、浓度方面做到规范一致</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">并能长期维持其有效性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使添加剂对检测结果的影响降到最小。由于血液分析的多样性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故抗凝剂的使用种类较多</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝及促凝原理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">效果也不一样</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">常用的有如下几种。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">红帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空</a></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">采血管</a>内不含抗凝剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">用于生化、血库和血清学检验。有的内壁涂有硅酮</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">避免血细胞附壁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">防止离心时细胞破碎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">释放细胞内物质至细胞外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">影响试验结果。由于这种采血管内无分离胶，血液从凝固到离心须在一小时以上已越来越不适应目前医院繁重的工作量的需要，现在有逐步被带分离胶促凝管所替代。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶促凝管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">黄帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">): </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清分离胶由疏水有机化合物和硅石粉组成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">是具有触变性的黏液胶体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其结构中含有大量氢键</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">由于氢键的缔合作用形成网状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">在离心力的作用下网状结构被破坏变为黏度低的流体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">当离心力消失之后又重新形成网状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这种性质被称为触变性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(thixotropy)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。即在温度不变的情况下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对这种黏液胶体加一定的机械力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可从高黏度的凝胶状态变为低黏度的溶胶状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果机械力消失又恢复原高黏度的凝胶状态。分离胶比重维持在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.05,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清比重约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.02,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血块比重约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.08</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，当分离胶与凝固后的血液在同一试管中离心时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">由于对分离胶施加离心力而引起硅石凝聚体中的氢键网状结构被破坏变成链状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶就成为黏度低的物质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">比分离胶重的血块就转移到管的底部</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶发生返转现象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">形成管底部血块、分离胶、血清三层。当离心机停止转动失去离心力后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶中硅石凝聚体的链状粒子间再次由氢键构成网状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">恢复初始高黏度凝胶状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">在血清和血块间形成隔离层。血液促凝剂是为了临床检验中快速分离血清标本而研制的促凝剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一般常用硅石粉、玻璃粉、碳素粉末及蛇毒等促凝成分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">经特殊加工制成粉剂用定量喷雾器均匀喷涂在血清分离胶真空采血管内壁上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">达到快速促凝的目的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素抗凝管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">绿帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素是一种含有硫酸基团的粘多糖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分子量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">15000,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因有硫酸基团</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">带有强大的负电荷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&quot;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其抗凝原理为与抗凝血酶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2(AT2)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">结合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">AT2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的精氨酸反应中心更易与各种丝氨酸蛋白酶起作用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使凝血酶的活性丧失。常用其钠、钾、锂盐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,100~125U/mg</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5~10ml</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液不凝固。肝素是一种极佳的抗凝剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对血液成分干扰少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不影响红细胞体积</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不引起溶血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">适用于做红细胞渗透脆性试验。血气、血浆渗透量、红细胞压积、血沉及普通生化测定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&quot;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因肝素具有抗凝血酶的作用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适于做血凝试验。过量的肝素会引起白细胞的聚集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不能用于白细胞计数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因其可使血片染色后背景呈淡蓝色</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故不适于做白细胞分类。由于肝素不能使离体后的血小板离散</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">成为单个颗粒或细胞通过微孔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可造成血小板计数减低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">白细胞计数及淋巴细胞计数偏高。商品肝素常含有磷酸盐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使无机磷测定偏高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&quot;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素抗凝血应于短时间内使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">否则搁置过久血液又可凝固。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">乙二胺四乙酸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(EDTA)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">盐管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">紫帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">与血液中的钙离子螯合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">从而使血液不凝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一般</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.0~2.0mg</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可阻止</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1ml</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液凝固。此抗凝剂不影响白细胞计数及大小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对红细胞形态影响最小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">并且可以抑制血小板的聚集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">适用于一般血液学检验。抗凝剂浓度过高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">渗透压上升</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">造成细胞皱缩。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">溶液</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">pH</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">与盐类关系较大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">pH</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使细胞膨胀，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA-K2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使红细胞体积轻度胀大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">采血后短时间内平均血小板体积</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(MPV)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">非常不稳定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">半小时后趋于稳定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA-K2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使钙、镁下降</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">同时使肌酸激酶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(CK)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">、碱性磷酸酶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(ALP)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">减低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因这些酶测定需要这些金属离子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA-K3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的最佳浓度是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.5mg/ml,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果血少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">浓度增高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">中性粒细胞会肿胀分叶消失</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血小板会肿胀、崩解</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">产生正常血小板大小的碎片</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使分析结果产生错误。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">依赖的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">IgM</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗体可引起白细胞计数减少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">同时造成血涂片时白细胞聚集。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">由于螯合钙的作用强</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使二磷酸腺苷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(ADP)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不能引起血小板聚集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">另外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">能抑制或干涉纤维蛋白凝块形成时纤维蛋白单体聚合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适用于血凝及血小板功能检查</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">亦不适用于钙、钾、钠及含氮物质测定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">枸橼酸钠管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">蓝帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">!</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">黑帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝原理为与钙结合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">形成可溶性钙螯合物而使血液不凝。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">NCCLS</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">推荐的血凝测定要求的抗凝剂浓度是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">3.2%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.8%,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">相当于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.109</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.129mol/L,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝剂与血液的比例是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。大部分凝血试验都可用枸橼酸钠抗凝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">它有助于因子和因子的稳定。另外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">用枸橼酸钠抗凝的血浆做活化部分凝血活酶时间</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(APTT)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">试验</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其对肝素的敏感性远远高于草酸盐抗凝血浆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">当</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">试验用于监控接受肝素治疗的患者时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这一点显得非常重要。枸橼酸钠</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">6mg</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">才能抗凝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1ml</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">碱性强</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适于血液化验</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">亦不适于做生化检测</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">枸橼酸钠对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">MPV</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">及其他凝血因子影响极小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可用于血小板功能分析，血小板的聚集作用随血浆中枸橼酸钠的浓度降低而增高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因此在贫血患者应加入较正常人为多的抗凝剂。对于血液凝固试验来讲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果血液比例过低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">时间会延长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">凝血酶原时间</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(PT)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">结果亦会有显著改变。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">测定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.8%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的抗凝剂比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.2%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的国际标准化比值</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(INR)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">值高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其差别变化一般在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.7~2.7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">INR</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">单位之间。由于枸橼酸钠毒性小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">也用于血液保存，枸橼酸钠在水中溶解慢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故只能配成水剂而不能用粉剂。枸橼酸钠有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分子水</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(Na<st1:chmetcnv unitname="C" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">3C</st1:chmetcnv>6H5O7.2H20)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5.5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分子水</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(2Na<st1:chmetcnv unitname="C" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">3C</st1:chmetcnv>6H5O7.11H2O)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">两种</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如用后者等渗浓度应为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.8%,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">但后者很难买到。抗凝剂浓度高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血沉快</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">若抗凝剂浓度恰当</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">无论枸橼酸钠或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">均不影响血沉的结果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素可改变红细胞的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Zeta</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">电位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使血沉加快</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故不能使用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">三、<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>使用中应注意的几个问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">．<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>的选择：应本着安全有效，质优价廉，保证检验结果稳定准确，减少病人负担的原则去选择适合自己医院的产品。目前除了部分小厂的质量还不能达到使用要求外，许多国产的品牌的质量已经接近或达到同类进口产品的要求，而且更具价格优势，很大程度上可以减少病人不少的医疗开支。所以我们不能一味追求或依赖进口产品，那些质量好价格优惠的国产品牌同样可以胜任于日常的临床应用。但是，在应用前必须进行小样本量（至少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">100</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">例）各种类型真空采血管必要的试用和评价后才能正式在临床应用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">推荐的采血顺序为凝血管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&rarr;枸橼酸钠管&rarr;肝素或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">管&rarr;草酸钾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">氟化钠管&rarr;血沉管。主要原因是第一管内往往含有组织液</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">易造成凝血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适于做血凝测定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">取血时患者应松弛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">环境温暖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">防止静脉挛缩，束膊时间不可过长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">禁止拍打手臂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">否则可造成局部血液浓缩或激活凝血系统。观察采血是否顺利，采血量是否符合要求。由于实验室样本量的不断增加，传统实验室分离血清标本的速度与全自动化分析仪很不同步</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因为血液凝固速度与玻璃试管和塑料试管的激活能力、温度密切相关。实验证明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">凝血因子中的Ⅺ、Ⅻ因子接触玻璃试管壁后被激活</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一般采血后在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">23~<st1:chmetcnv unitname="℃" sourcevalue="25" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">25<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span lang="EN-US">℃</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">室温条件下</span>,30min</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">大部分血液已凝固</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">完全凝固需要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1h</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。但是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">疏水性的塑料试管壁接触凝血因子Ⅺ、Ⅻ时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">被激活的能力非常弱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">需要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2~4h</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液才能完全凝固</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">影响了分离血清的速度。在采血试管内壁表面喷涂血液促凝剂才能解决上述存在的问题。采血后轻轻倒转试管混合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4~5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">置室温立放待血液完全凝固后离心，血液呈现收缩状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可观察到有血清渗出现象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">证明血液完全凝固。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">．血清分离胶促凝采血管离心操作的要求：如何正确地使用分离胶促凝管制备高质量血清标本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液完全凝固和离心条件是至关重要的两个环节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心要求采用水平式离心机。具体操作步骤是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">采血后立即轻轻倒转采血试管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4~5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">次混匀标本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">等待标本充分凝固需要放置</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">30min,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心半径</span><st1:chmetcnv unitname="cm" sourcevalue="8" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">8cm</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心速度维持在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3500~4000r/min</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">10min</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。血清与血凝块完全被分离胶分离</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清标本可直接上机检测或转移至仪器配套试杯中。具备这个条件才能制备出高品质血清标本，说明分离胶效果好。如果离心速度过低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">作用于分离胶的力比较弱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶返转不佳或者血液没有完全凝固就离心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可出现纤维蛋白凝状物停留在血清中或胶体层中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">有可能引起溶血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">除急诊外普通生化检查最好在血液完全凝固后离心效果交好。由于缺乏经验，这种现象在实验室初始使用分离胶凝采血管时经常发生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果有纤维蛋白丝停留于血清中很容易阻塞自动分析仪采血针。目前许多国产分离胶质量已达到或接近国际水平，许多医院的使用表明和美国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">BD</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">公司等同类产品的分离时间，分离效果几乎没有区别。经用国产（友利）分离胶塑料试管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对生化、免疫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">30</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">多个项目是否影响测定值作了调查</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">用普通玻璃试管做对照并和美国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">BD</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">公司同类产品进行比较实验研究，两者之间具有很好的可比性，结果无显著性差异（均</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">p&gt;0.05</span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">）。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液与抗凝剂的比例必须精确</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝剂在血标本中的绝对含量可改变血浆中钙离子浓度进而影响实验结果。钙的绝对浓度越高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,PT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">凝固时间越短。关于凝血试验真空管&ldquo;死腔&rdquo;问题，有实验表明真空管死腔会产生血小板活性增强（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PF4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">活性增强）、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">缩短现象的原因可能是多方面的，由于死腔激活血小板是随机偶然事件，目前尚未对其发生机理和概率有明确的认识。因此，在进行血小板功能试验及监测</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以指导肝素抗凝治疗时对实验结果产生的偏差。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">综上所述，<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>的普通使用对提高检验质量，防止生物安全污染，规范抽血技术，提高工作效率等都有很大好处。但同时一定要注意品质的选择，规范的操作和使用过程中的出现的问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">本网站博文资讯文章均来自网友投稿或网上转载，不代表我公司意见，转载请注明出处。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10097387.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>zhejiangyouli</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2012 10:53:14 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>真空采血管的技术特点及临床应用</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10097383.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液标本的采取用<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>系列已成为主流，由于过去采血后血液自然凝固</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液从离心到测定放置时间长，影响分析结果和速度。为了迅速推进检测技术的快速化，往采血管中添加分离胶，促凝剂缩短了血液凝固时间，血清（血浆）分离胶抗凝采血管的应用，为急诊干化学分析仪提供了更快速的检测标本并在最短时间报告结果。同时减少了交叉感染等生物安全隐患</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">规范了检验科采血技术，提高了检测标本的质量，方便了就诊患者。但是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">随着分离胶促凝采血管等在临床实践应用不断增加，出现许多误区及使用中值得注意的有关问题，有必要对这些问题作一介绍。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一、材料的性能指标</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">自动化仪器的大量使用及血液的保存对血样原始性状稳定性提出了更高的要求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>技术突破了仅仅只为安全的要求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">而准确性、标本的原始性状、维持时间及管机配合、试管强度等性能指标都不能忽视</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">影响标本原始性状及检测准确性的因素有如下几项。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>的材质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以往采血管多为玻璃材料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">普通玻璃的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">pH</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">相差甚远</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">溶血的可能性大大增加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">而拉管工艺制作的玻璃试管线性沟密布</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">深浅粗细无常导致细胞的挂壁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">玻璃试管的主要成分是亲水性硅酸盐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">采血后玻璃试管内壁可出现吸附水分子的吸水层</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶不能直接黏附于玻璃试管的内壁。随着放置时间的延长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">红细胞中的钾或者酶等物质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可以通过水分子吸水层向血清中扩散。所以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">玻璃采血管在原状态下保存血清的期限以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">2~3d</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">为宜。塑料采血管常用聚对苯二甲酸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">乙二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">醇酯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(polyethyleneterephthalates,PET)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">材质制作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">是疏水性质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其管壁不产生水分子层</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶可牢固地黏附着内壁上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">红细胞中的钾不能扩散到血清中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因而冷藏保存</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">8d</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清钾含量不变。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PET</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">塑料真空采血管可在</span><st1:chmetcnv unitname="℃" sourcevalue="20" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">-20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">℃</span></st1:chmetcnv><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">保存标本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这是普通塑料试管和玻璃试管难以达到的。所以，在选择真空采血管时尽量用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PET</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">塑料采血管为佳。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">密封胶塞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">密封胶塞的质量直接影响到试管的真空性能及血液样本的原始状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">推荐使用丁基橡胶而不用天然橡胶，天然橡胶填料外渗严重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">是一种可致溶血的材料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">许多有机填料和助剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">包括石蜡油</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">硅油</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">柔软剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">着色剂等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">在真空状态下会沿玻璃管壁往下爬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这类物质尤其影响真空干燥的肝素类物质的水溶性而导致凝血。另外其气透性及水透性也不符合真空管的技术要求</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">真空丢失严重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">管塞结合部可见塞屑粘壁严重。而丁基橡胶具有良好的塞封性能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">溶出物大大减少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使得采血管即便是在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">101.3kPa</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的负压时仍能在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">24</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">个月内保持真空恒定。真空恒定使采血对象即使有血压及血液粘度的差别</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以及采血环境温度的变化仍能保持采血量的相对准确</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">实际采血量误差可控制在&plusmn;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以内。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">二、添加剂的正确使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">添加剂包括多种成分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如抗凝剂、促凝剂、缓冲剂、保护剂、分离胶等，其品种、性能、浓度直接影响血样的性状和检测结果。真空采血技术则在品种、浓度方面做到规范一致</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">并能长期维持其有效性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使添加剂对检测结果的影响降到最小。由于血液分析的多样性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故抗凝剂的使用种类较多</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝及促凝原理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">效果也不一样</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">常用的有如下几种。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">红帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空</a></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">采血管</a>内不含抗凝剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">用于生化、血库和血清学检验。有的内壁涂有硅酮</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">避免血细胞附壁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">防止离心时细胞破碎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">释放细胞内物质至细胞外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">影响试验结果。由于这种采血管内无分离胶，血液从凝固到离心须在一小时以上已越来越不适应目前医院繁重的工作量的需要，现在有逐步被带分离胶促凝管所替代。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶促凝管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">黄帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">): </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清分离胶由疏水有机化合物和硅石粉组成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">是具有触变性的黏液胶体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其结构中含有大量氢键</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">由于氢键的缔合作用形成网状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">在离心力的作用下网状结构被破坏变为黏度低的流体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">当离心力消失之后又重新形成网状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这种性质被称为触变性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(thixotropy)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。即在温度不变的情况下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对这种黏液胶体加一定的机械力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可从高黏度的凝胶状态变为低黏度的溶胶状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果机械力消失又恢复原高黏度的凝胶状态。分离胶比重维持在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.05,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清比重约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.02,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血块比重约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.08</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，当分离胶与凝固后的血液在同一试管中离心时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">由于对分离胶施加离心力而引起硅石凝聚体中的氢键网状结构被破坏变成链状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶就成为黏度低的物质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">比分离胶重的血块就转移到管的底部</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶发生返转现象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">形成管底部血块、分离胶、血清三层。当离心机停止转动失去离心力后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶中硅石凝聚体的链状粒子间再次由氢键构成网状结构</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">恢复初始高黏度凝胶状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">在血清和血块间形成隔离层。血液促凝剂是为了临床检验中快速分离血清标本而研制的促凝剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一般常用硅石粉、玻璃粉、碳素粉末及蛇毒等促凝成分</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">经特殊加工制成粉剂用定量喷雾器均匀喷涂在血清分离胶真空采血管内壁上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">达到快速促凝的目的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素抗凝管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">绿帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素是一种含有硫酸基团的粘多糖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分子量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">15000,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因有硫酸基团</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">带有强大的负电荷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&quot;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其抗凝原理为与抗凝血酶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2(AT2)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">结合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">AT2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的精氨酸反应中心更易与各种丝氨酸蛋白酶起作用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使凝血酶的活性丧失。常用其钠、钾、锂盐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,100~125U/mg</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5~10ml</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液不凝固。肝素是一种极佳的抗凝剂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对血液成分干扰少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不影响红细胞体积</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不引起溶血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">适用于做红细胞渗透脆性试验。血气、血浆渗透量、红细胞压积、血沉及普通生化测定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&quot;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因肝素具有抗凝血酶的作用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适于做血凝试验。过量的肝素会引起白细胞的聚集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不能用于白细胞计数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因其可使血片染色后背景呈淡蓝色</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故不适于做白细胞分类。由于肝素不能使离体后的血小板离散</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">成为单个颗粒或细胞通过微孔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可造成血小板计数减低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">白细胞计数及淋巴细胞计数偏高。商品肝素常含有磷酸盐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使无机磷测定偏高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&quot;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素抗凝血应于短时间内使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">否则搁置过久血液又可凝固。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">乙二胺四乙酸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(EDTA)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">盐管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">紫帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">与血液中的钙离子螯合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">从而使血液不凝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一般</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.0~2.0mg</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可阻止</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1ml</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液凝固。此抗凝剂不影响白细胞计数及大小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对红细胞形态影响最小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">并且可以抑制血小板的聚集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">适用于一般血液学检验。抗凝剂浓度过高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">渗透压上升</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">造成细胞皱缩。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">溶液</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">pH</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">与盐类关系较大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">pH</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使细胞膨胀，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA-K2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可使红细胞体积轻度胀大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">采血后短时间内平均血小板体积</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(MPV)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">非常不稳定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">半小时后趋于稳定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA-K2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使钙、镁下降</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">同时使肌酸激酶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(CK)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">、碱性磷酸酶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(ALP)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">减低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因这些酶测定需要这些金属离子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA-K3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的最佳浓度是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1.5mg/ml,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果血少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">浓度增高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">中性粒细胞会肿胀分叶消失</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血小板会肿胀、崩解</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">产生正常血小板大小的碎片</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使分析结果产生错误。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">依赖的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">IgM</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗体可引起白细胞计数减少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">同时造成血涂片时白细胞聚集。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">由于螯合钙的作用强</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使二磷酸腺苷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(ADP)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不能引起血小板聚集</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">另外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">能抑制或干涉纤维蛋白凝块形成时纤维蛋白单体聚合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适用于血凝及血小板功能检查</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">亦不适用于钙、钾、钠及含氮物质测定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">枸橼酸钠管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">蓝帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">!</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">黑帽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">):</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝原理为与钙结合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">形成可溶性钙螯合物而使血液不凝。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">NCCLS</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">推荐的血凝测定要求的抗凝剂浓度是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">3.2%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.8%,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">相当于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.109</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.129mol/L,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝剂与血液的比例是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">9</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。大部分凝血试验都可用枸橼酸钠抗凝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">它有助于因子和因子的稳定。另外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">用枸橼酸钠抗凝的血浆做活化部分凝血活酶时间</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(APTT)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">试验</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其对肝素的敏感性远远高于草酸盐抗凝血浆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">当</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">试验用于监控接受肝素治疗的患者时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">这一点显得非常重要。枸橼酸钠</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">6mg</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">才能抗凝</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1ml</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">碱性强</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适于血液化验</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">亦不适于做生化检测</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">枸橼酸钠对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">MPV</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">及其他凝血因子影响极小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可用于血小板功能分析，血小板的聚集作用随血浆中枸橼酸钠的浓度降低而增高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因此在贫血患者应加入较正常人为多的抗凝剂。对于血液凝固试验来讲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果血液比例过低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">时间会延长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">凝血酶原时间</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(PT)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">结果亦会有显著改变。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">测定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.8%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的抗凝剂比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.2%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">的国际标准化比值</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(INR)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">值高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">其差别变化一般在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.7~2.7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">INR</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">单位之间。由于枸橼酸钠毒性小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">也用于血液保存，枸橼酸钠在水中溶解慢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故只能配成水剂而不能用粉剂。枸橼酸钠有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分子水</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(Na<st1:chmetcnv unitname="C" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">3C</st1:chmetcnv>6H5O7.2H20)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5.5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分子水</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(2Na<st1:chmetcnv unitname="C" sourcevalue="3" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">3C</st1:chmetcnv>6H5O7.11H2O)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">两种</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如用后者等渗浓度应为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.8%,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">但后者很难买到。抗凝剂浓度高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血沉快</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">若抗凝剂浓度恰当</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">无论枸橼酸钠或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">均不影响血沉的结果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">肝素可改变红细胞的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">Zeta</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">电位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">使血沉加快</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">故不能使用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">三、<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>使用中应注意的几个问题</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">．<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>的选择：应本着安全有效，质优价廉，保证检验结果稳定准确，减少病人负担的原则去选择适合自己医院的产品。目前除了部分小厂的质量还不能达到使用要求外，许多国产的品牌的质量已经接近或达到同类进口产品的要求，而且更具价格优势，很大程度上可以减少病人不少的医疗开支。所以我们不能一味追求或依赖进口产品，那些质量好价格优惠的国产品牌同样可以胜任于日常的临床应用。但是，在应用前必须进行小样本量（至少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">100</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">例）各种类型真空采血管必要的试用和评价后才能正式在临床应用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">推荐的采血顺序为凝血管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&rarr;枸橼酸钠管&rarr;肝素或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">EDTA</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">管&rarr;草酸钾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">氟化钠管&rarr;血沉管。主要原因是第一管内往往含有组织液</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">易造成凝血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">不适于做血凝测定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">取血时患者应松弛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">环境温暖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">防止静脉挛缩，束膊时间不可过长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">禁止拍打手臂</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">否则可造成局部血液浓缩或激活凝血系统。观察采血是否顺利，采血量是否符合要求。由于实验室样本量的不断增加，传统实验室分离血清标本的速度与全自动化分析仪很不同步</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">因为血液凝固速度与玻璃试管和塑料试管的激活能力、温度密切相关。实验证明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">凝血因子中的Ⅺ、Ⅻ因子接触玻璃试管壁后被激活</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一般采血后在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">23~<st1:chmetcnv unitname="℃" sourcevalue="25" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">25<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><span lang="EN-US">℃</span></span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">室温条件下</span>,30min</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">大部分血液已凝固</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">完全凝固需要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1h</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。但是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">疏水性的塑料试管壁接触凝血因子Ⅺ、Ⅻ时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">被激活的能力非常弱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">需要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2~4h</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液才能完全凝固</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">影响了分离血清的速度。在采血试管内壁表面喷涂血液促凝剂才能解决上述存在的问题。采血后轻轻倒转试管混合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4~5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">置室温立放待血液完全凝固后离心，血液呈现收缩状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可观察到有血清渗出现象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">证明血液完全凝固。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">．血清分离胶促凝采血管离心操作的要求：如何正确地使用分离胶促凝管制备高质量血清标本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液完全凝固和离心条件是至关重要的两个环节</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心要求采用水平式离心机。具体操作步骤是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">采血后立即轻轻倒转采血试管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4~5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">次混匀标本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">等待标本充分凝固需要放置</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">30min,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心半径</span><st1:chmetcnv unitname="cm" sourcevalue="8" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">8cm</span></st1:chmetcnv><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心速度维持在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3500~4000r/min</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">离心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">10min</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。血清与血凝块完全被分离胶分离</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血清标本可直接上机检测或转移至仪器配套试杯中。具备这个条件才能制备出高品质血清标本，说明分离胶效果好。如果离心速度过低</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">作用于分离胶的力比较弱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">分离胶返转不佳或者血液没有完全凝固就离心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">可出现纤维蛋白凝状物停留在血清中或胶体层中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">有可能引起溶血</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">除急诊外普通生化检查最好在血液完全凝固后离心效果交好。由于缺乏经验，这种现象在实验室初始使用分离胶凝采血管时经常发生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">如果有纤维蛋白丝停留于血清中很容易阻塞自动分析仪采血针。目前许多国产分离胶质量已达到或接近国际水平，许多医院的使用表明和美国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">BD</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">公司等同类产品的分离时间，分离效果几乎没有区别。经用国产（友利）分离胶塑料试管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">对生化、免疫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">30</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">多个项目是否影响测定值作了调查</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">用普通玻璃试管做对照并和美国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">BD</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">公司同类产品进行比较实验研究，两者之间具有很好的可比性，结果无显著性差异（均</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">p&gt;0.05</span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">）。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">血液与抗凝剂的比例必须精确</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">抗凝剂在血标本中的绝对含量可改变血浆中钙离子浓度进而影响实验结果。钙的绝对浓度越高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">,PT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">凝固时间越短。关于凝血试验真空管&ldquo;死腔&rdquo;问题，有实验表明真空管死腔会产生血小板活性增强（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">PF4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">活性增强）、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">缩短现象的原因可能是多方面的，由于死腔激活血小板是随机偶然事件，目前尚未对其发生机理和概率有明确的认识。因此，在进行血小板功能试验及监测</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">APTT</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">以指导肝素抗凝治疗时对实验结果产生的偏差。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">综上所述，<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>的普通使用对提高检验质量，防止生物安全污染，规范抽血技术，提高工作效率等都有很大好处。但同时一定要注意品质的选择，规范的操作和使用过程中的出现的问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">本网站博文资讯文章均来自网友投稿或网上转载，不代表我公司意见，转载请注明出处。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10097383.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>zhejiangyouli</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2012 10:53:07 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>中投顾问：医疗器械行业发展潜力突显</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10073338.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">近期，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2012</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年全国<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>监督管理工作会议近日在四川成都召开，会议要求加强法规建设、审批机制改革等。按照</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2005</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年至今，医疗政策的出台趋势，预计</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">2012</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年关于医疗器械相关扶持政策将陆续出台，配合我国医疗器械市场扩容趋势，行业发展黄金时期即将到来，行业集中率将稳步上升，行业利润提升将为企业规模扩张提供基础。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">　　中投顾问</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">IPO</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">咨询部分析师崔瑜指出，我们需要从政策、市场两个方面来分析我国<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>行业的发展潜力，两者具有一定的互通性，但是两者有一定的因果关联。一方面，我们将政策利好作为市场利好的前置条件，从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2011</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年医学科技行业政策基调来看，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2012</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年医疗器械行业政策利好将成为政策重点出台方向。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">　　科技部在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2011</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">月发布的《医学科技发展&ldquo;十二五&rdquo;规划》为<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>行业政策利好指明方向，《医学科技发展&ldquo;十二五&rdquo;规划》提出以重大新药、医疗器械、现代中药为核心，发展生物医药战略性新兴产业，这意味着医疗器械将作为战略性行业进行发展。另外，科技部的重点专项《医疗器械产业科技发展专项规划</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2011-2015</span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">》已完成并进入征求意见阶段，出台的脚步渐行渐近。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">　　另一方面，从市场扩容角度来看，<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>行业发展将随着政策的出台逐渐提速，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2010</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年我国医疗器械市场增长率为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">23%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，市场规模达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1200</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">亿元。按照这一增长趋势，预计到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2015</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年，中国整个医疗仪器与设备市场预计将近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:
12.0pt">3400</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">亿元（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">537</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">亿美元）。另外，从全球医疗器械行业的市值来看，目前全球医疗器械占医药市场总规模的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">42%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，而我国仅占医药市场总规模的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">14%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，市场有待进一步开发。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">　　中投顾问研究总监张砚霖对上述推测予以肯定，他从企业层面给予<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>行业两个总结，其一，从目前国内医疗上市企业的募投项目设计情况来看，企业已经做好了市场扩容的准备，并且在市场竞争力方面有着长足的提升；其二，从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">IPO</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">意愿来看，目前医疗器械市场集中率已经有大幅提升，政策扶持及市场扩容将促使一部分医疗器械企业进一步扩张规模，行业上市潜力非常乐观。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">　　中投顾问发布的《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2011-2015</span><span style="font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年中国<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">医疗器械</a>行业投资分析及前景预测报告》则从市场潜力方向提出细致投资方向，其认为未来，二、三线的县城、乡镇的基层医疗机构将是中国医疗器械市场的重中之重，包括中西部等经济落后地区也是未来的发展重点。随着这些地区消费实力的增长，以后国家医改投入的不断增大，区县的增长空间将相当广阔。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">本网站博文资讯文章均来自网友投稿或网上转载，不代表我公司意见，转载请注明出处。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10073338.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>zhejiangyouli</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 10:39:22 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>一次性真空采血管的特点</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10054638.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一次性<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>，是一种新型的医用采血用具。它与一次性运用采血针配套运用。它是医疗临床、卫生防疫、血站（库）、血防及血液病的研讨和生物制品等部门停止血液检验的静脉采血用具。该产品有以下特性：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">、一次性<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a>属系列型产品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">依据不同部门的请求及血液检验不同的请求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">、构造合理，运用便当。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">一次性采血器构造较为合理。能较快而精确的控制和运用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">、一针采多管血样。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">在临床应用中，对特殊病人需采集不同量的多管血液停止多项检验时，本采血器能做到一次采集多管血液的请求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">、平安牢靠，无穿插感染及污染隐患。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">采血器采集后的血液是全封锁送检的。特别适用于在户外采集和临床采集、无血液的渗漏和外界污染的可能。对操作人员的心理觉得良好，在检验上能取得更称心的结果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">、是取代注射器采血的换代产品。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">目前大多数医疗部门均采用注射器采血，采血后仍须注入事前已准备好的试管内，在大数量（如血站（库）卫生防疫部门）的采血过程中，由于操作人员需求运用较鼎力量频繁地抽动注射器将会使手遭到损伤，给操作的灵敏、速度、精确带来一定的艰难。同时，注射器抽和吸，转移对血细胞会形成一定的毁坏作用，并有可能会缩短血样的保管时间。而采血器是将注射器的采、注两道程序&ldquo;合二为一&rdquo;。对血细胞无毁坏，检验结果愈加精确。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">本网站博文资讯文章均来自网友投稿或网上转载，不代表我公司意见，转载请注明出处。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10054638.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>zhejiangyouli</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 11:30:50 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>国内真空采血管行业尚无大鳄</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10005486.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span style="font-size: 12pt"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">真空采血管</a></span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">行业目前发展呈现了如下特点：</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span style="font-size: 12pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">具备良好的产业基础</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　常规医疗器械如普通注射器和输液器等，已经位于市场成熟期，生产已经过剩，为部分省份明令限制发展，但在此背景下，作为医疗器械家族的新品种，真空采血管的发展却获得了一个良好的产业基础，表现在：（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）生产真空采血管所需要的模具、注塑机、组装机、包装机等主要生产机械国内已具备良好的生产能力，与德国、日本、台湾设备相比，并具备价格优势，可为其提供支持；（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">2</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）配套零配件的生产也很成熟，真空采血管配套零部件有胶塞、采血针和持针器等，中国胶塞生产已经进入市场饱和阶段，生产能力过剩，中国采血针生产技术也很成熟。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　拥有良好的国际市场基础</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）国际上重要的医疗器械公司委托中国公司代工生产，产品主要销至美德日三个国家，医疗器械方面的中国制造有一定的国际认可度，如美国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">BD</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、日本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">NIPRO</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">委托上海康德莱生产注射器，澳州</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">OMI</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">委托浙江双鸽生产安全注射器；（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">2</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）医疗器械产品出口额巨大，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">2008</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，我国医疗器械进出口总额达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">162.8</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿美元，同比增长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">28.21%</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。其中，出口额为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">110.67</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿美元，同比增长了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">31.46%</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；进口额为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">52.16</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">美元，同比增长了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">21.81%</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。医疗器械对外贸易继续保持顺差，顺差额达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">58.51</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿美元，与同期相比顺差扩大了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">17.18</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿美元；（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">3</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）医疗器械的&ldquo;打包采购&rdquo;特点可以让真空采血管&ldquo;搭便车&rdquo;，在医疗器械销售中，买家往往会打包采购各类医疗器械，而不是单一产品，如注射器、输液器、注射针、纱布、手套、手术服等，其他医疗器械国际市场的成熟，为真空采血管的外贸奠定了良好基础；（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">4</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）具备了基本的国际营销操作。国内医疗器械厂商已普遍参加德国杜塞尔多夫展、成立外贸部、进行网络营销的投入等。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span style="font-size: 12pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">行业门槛不高</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　形成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">1</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿支</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/"><span style="font-family: 宋体">真空采血管</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">产能，包含购买土地、厂房、净化车间建设等在内，投入要求在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">5000</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万人民币以下，如果采用租赁厂房形式，投入减半，如果是现有医疗器械生产商，转型或新成立真空采血管生产线，由于注塑机等可通用，投入将更低。容易一拥而上。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span style="font-size: 12pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">面临严重的外部竞争</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　该行业领先者，美国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">BD</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">1897</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年成立，积水化学</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">1947</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年成立，格雷那</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">1968</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年成立，历史在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">50</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">110</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年之间，已在细分行业行成垄断地位，掌握着行业标准、关键技术和专利，同时他们也是中国市场的先行者，拥有高端客户。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</span><span style="font-size: 12pt"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">国内尚无行业大鳄，尚未进入行业整合阶段</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　国内尚无以</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/"><span style="font-family: 宋体">真空采血管</span></a></span><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为主营业务的上市公司，上市公司投资于此项目的，也仅科华生物和五粮液。当前设计产能较大的广州阳普、威海鸿宇，设计产能在年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">5</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿支，与奥地利格雷那公司年实际产销</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt">14</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿支差距甚大。</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 宋体"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本网站博文资讯文章均来自网友投稿或网上转载，不代表我公司意见，转载请注明出处。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/10005486.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>zhejiangyouli</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 11:37:55 CST </pubDate>
</item>

<item>
<title>2011年我国塑料制品业产量产值均达到两位数增长</title>
<link>http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/9985002.html</link>
<description>
<![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">2011</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&mdash;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">12</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">月，我国<a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">塑料制品</a>业产量产值均达到两位数增长，出口仍然呈现下降。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">塑料制品</a>业工业销售产值当月同比增长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">20.5%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，累计增长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">13.12%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">；塑料制品业当月产销率</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">98.27%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，同比增长</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.67%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，累计产销率</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">97.47%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，同比减少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">0.27%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">；塑料制品业出口交货值当月同比增加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">12.8%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，累计减少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">4.74%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;"><a href="http://u-realtubes.bokee.net/">塑料制品</a>业产量当月同比增加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">20.9%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，累计增加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">10.6%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">，各产品产量同比均呈增长态势，其中塑料丝、绳及编织品产量增幅最大，增长达到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt">26.6%</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">本网站博文资讯文章均来自网友投稿或网上转载，不代表我公司意见，转载请注明出处。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>]]>
</description>
<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.bokee.net/blogmodule/weblogcomment_viewEntry/9985002.html</guid>
<subject></subject>
<author>zhejiangyouli</author>
<category></category>
<pubDate>Mon, 16 Jan 2012 10:57:56 CST </pubDate>
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